Contents
Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………………… vii
Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………………..ix
Editors………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xi
Contributors……………………………………………………………………………………………. xiii
1. Introduction to Textile Testing…………………………………………………………….1
Sheraz Ahmad
2. Polymer Testing Methods for Conventional and Technical Textiles……. 13
Usman Zubair
3. Advanced Characterization Techniques: Conventional and
Technical Textiles……………………………………………………………………………….55
Usman Zubair, Madeha Jabbar, Abher Rasheed, and Sheraz Ahmad
Section I Testing of Conventional Textiles
4. Textile Fibers…………………………………………………………………………………….107
Ali Afzal and Azeem Ullah
5. Textile Yarns……………………………………………………………………………………..129
Khurram Shehzad Akhtar, Fiaz Hussain, and Faheem Ahmad
6. Textile Greige Fabrics (Woven and Knitted)……………………………………153
Muhammd Umair, Muhammad Umar Nazir, and Sheraz Ahmad
7. Textile Dyed and Finished Fabric…………………………………………………….189
Muhammad Mohsin
8. Apparel and Home Textiles……………………………………………………………..209
Abher Rasheed and Ateeq ur Rehman
Section II Testing of Technical Textiles
9. Composite Materials Testing……………………………………………………………247
Khubab Shaker and Yasir Nawab
10. Nonwovens………………………………………………………………………………………271
Alvira Ayoub Arbab and Awais Khatri
11. Medical Textiles……………………………………………………………………………….285
Nauman Ali and Sheraz Ahmad
12. Smart and Electronic Textiles…………………………………………………………..295
Iftikhar Ali Sahito and Awais Khatri
Index……………………………………………………………………………………………………….315
Introduction to Textile Testing
Sheraz Ahmad
CONTENTS
1.1 What Is Textile Testing?……………………………………………………………………….1
1.2 Objectives of Textile Testing………………………………………………………………..2
1.3 Types of Textile Testing……………………………………………………………………….3
1.4 Importance of Textile Testing………………………………………………………………3
1.5 Importance of Standards……………………………………………………………………..5
1.6 Sampling Techniques…………………………………………………………………………..7
1.6.1 Sampling………………………………………………………………………………….7
1.6.2 Sampling Techniques………………………………………………………………..7
1.6.2.1 Zoning Technique……………………………………………………….7
1.6.2.2 Core Sampling…………………………………………………………….8
1.6.2.3 Random Sampling………………………………………………………8
1.6.2.4 Sampling Errors…………………………………………………………..9
1.6.2.5 Sources of Error…………………………………………………………..9
1.7 Statistical Terms…………………………………………………………………………………10
References………………………………………………………………………………………………….10
Textile Fibers
Ali Afzal and Azeem Ullah
CONTENTS
4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….107
4.2 Fiber Classification………………………………………………………………………….108
4.3 Fiber Identification Methods……………………………………………………………108
4.3.1 Physical…………………………………………………………………………………108
4.3.2 Chemical………………………………………………………………………………. 110
4.4 Physical Properties…………………………………………………………………………. 112
4.4.1 Length and Length Uniformity…………………………………………….. 112
4.4.2 Moisture Regain…………………………………………………………………… 118
4.4.3 Trash Content………………………………………………………………………. 119
4.4.4 Cross-Sectional Shape of the Fiber……………………………………….. 119
4.4.5 Fiber Color…………………………………………………………………………… 119
4.4.6 Fiber Fineness……………………………………………………………………….120
4.4.7 Fiber Crimp…………………………………………………………………………..122
4.5 Mechanical Properties……………………………………………………………………..122
4.5.1 Fiber Strength……………………………………………………………………….122
4.5.2 Tenacity…………………………………………………………………………………123
4.6 Chemical Properties………………………………………………………………………..123
4.6.1 Blend Ratio……………………………………………………………………………123
4.6.2 Maturity Ratio………………………………………………………………………127
4.6.3 Chemical Composition………………………………………………………….127
References………………………………………………………………………………………………..127
Composite Materials Testing
Khubab Shaker and Yasir Nawab
CONTENTS
9.1 Physical Testing ………………………………………………………………………………248
9.1.1 Surface Morphology …………………………………………………………….248
9.1.2 Analytical Testing ………………………………………………………………..249
9.1.2.1 Density of Sandwich Core Materials ……………………….249
9.1.2.2 Constituent Content of Composite Prepreg …………….249
9.1.2.3 Content of Volatiles of Composite Material Prepreg …… 251
9.1.2.4 Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins ……………….251
9.1.2.5 Void Content of Reinforced Plastics ………………………..252
9.1.2.6 Constituent Content of Composite Materials ………….252
9.1.3 Thermal Properties ………………………………………………………………254
9.1.3.1 Transition Temperatures, and Enthalpies of
Crystallization and Fusion ………………………………………254
9.1.3.2 Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials …………254
9.1.3.3 Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry ………255
9.1.4 Moisture Absorption ……………………………………………………………256
9.2 Mechanical Characterization …………………………………………………………..259
9.2.1 Tensile Testing ……………………………………………………………………..259
9.2.2 Compression Testing ……………………………………………………………260
9.2.3 Flexural Testing ……………………………………………………………………261
9.2.4 Impact Testing ……………………………………………………………………..263
9.2.5 Hardness Testing ………………………………………………………………….265
9.2.6 Shear Testing ………………………………………………………………………..266
9.2.7 Peel Testing ………………………………………………………………………….267
9.3 Non-Destructive Testing …………………………………………………………………268
9.3.1 Ultra-Sonication …………………………………………………………………..268
9.3.2 Radiography ………………………………………………………………………..268
9.3.3 Shearography ……………………………………………………………………….268
9.3.4 Thermography ……………………………………………………………………..269
9.3.5 Visual Inspection ………………………………………………………………….269
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………….269
Preface
Textiles are being used in every walk of life from clothing to space stations. Their application depends upon their performance properties. Textile substrates are widely diversified, and modifications are being made to better their performance and prolong their life. Advanced and engineered materials are also included in textiles along with conventional textile materials to obtain particular properties in required applications. The intensive research in textiles opens new application fields that require high technical specifications. Their performance depends upon their quality with respect to the specifications of the application.
The global increase in the share of technical textiles increased the pressure on their quality of production and performance. The testing of products plays a vital role in judging and designating quality. The properties of technical textiles are highly diversified due to which a number of testing prototypes are developed according to the intended application. This book has been written keeping in view the basic knowledge of conventional and technical textile testing techniques. It provides key parameters required for particular products with their testing methods and techniques.
This book is divided into two main sections: one discusses testing of conventional textiles and the other explains testing of technical textiles. The first three chapters have been written jointly for both conventional and technical textiles. Chapter 1 aims to develop an understanding of the importance of textile testing and its influence on the quality of a product. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss the characterization of textile polymers considering conventional as well as advanced technical polymers. This section provides basic knowledge on different polymeric properties and their basic and advanced characterization methods.
Section I of this book explains the conventional textile testing techniques starting from fiber to final product. Chapter 4 has been written on textile fibers, their physical and chemical identification methods, and their properties. Chapter 5 deals with testing of conventional yarns and their properties. The testing of greige fabrics in both woven and knitted structures is introduced in Chapter 6. Fabric inspection and quality assurance are also discussed in this chapter. The quality of finished and dyed fabrics is discussed under testing procedures in Chapter 7. This chapter also includes the testing of finishing effects, which are commonly used in clothing and finished products. Chapter 8 is focused on testing procedures for products used in apparel and home textile applications.
Section II is focused on testing of technical textiles. Chapter 9 discusses testing of textile composites. It includes their physical, mechanical, and nondestructive testing techniques. Chapter 10 deals with nonwoven fabrics, their technology, construction, characterization, and destructive and nondestructive testing methods. Medical textiles, a widely recognized field, is covered in Chapter 11. The electronic and SMART textiles product testing techniques and their possible characterization methods has been discussed in Chapter 12.
The contributing authors and editors have put in their best efforts to summarize the basic and advanced knowledge on textiles in this book. To-thepoint information has been reported, considering the constraint on the length of the book. The editors acknowledge the efforts made by all the contributing authors in their respective chapters. We hope that the reader will benefit from and enjoy reading this book.