By Syed Abdul Rehman Khan
Contents
1.1 Background 1
1.1.1 Public Awareness About the Environmental Impact 2
1.1.2 Tough Firm Competition 3
1.1.3 Government Strict Laws for Green Performance 3
1.1.4 Recycling and Remanufacturing Products to Save Money 5
1.2 International Laws 5
1.2.1 European Union Countries 6
1.2.2 Asian Countries 6
1.3 Highlights of Environmental Laws in Pakistan 7
1.4 Definition of GSCM in the Context of Pakistan 9
1.5 The Network of Reverse Logistics 10
1.6 Differences Between Forwarding and Reverse Logistics 12
1.7 Pakistani Manufacturing Sector 16
1.8 Manufacturing Industry Growth 16
1.8.1 Major Industries’ Growth in Manufacturing Sector 18
1.8.2 Large-Scale Manufacturing Industry: Products Growth 18
1.9 Production Index of Manufacturing Sector 18
1.10 Leading Textile Industry in Pakistan 20
1.11 Automotive Industry 21
1.12 Other Major Products 23
1.13 Problem Statement 26
1.14 Research Objectives 28
1.15 Research Scope 28
1.16 Research Method 28
1.17 Thesis Structure 29
References 32
2 Empirical Studies on Green Supply Chain Management 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Development in GSCM 35
2.3 Development of Hypothesis 36
2.3.1 Internal Environmental Management and Green
Information Systems 36
2.3.2 Internal Environmental Management and Green
Manufacturing 37
2.3.3 Internal Environmental Management and Green
Distribution 39
2.3.4 Internal Environmental Management and Green
Transportation 40
2.3.5 Internal Environmental Management and Ecological
Design 41
2.3.6 Green Information System and Green Manufacturing 42
2.3.7 Green Information System and Green Distribution 43
2.3.8 Green Information System and Green Transportation 44
2.3.9 Green Information System and Ecological Design 45
2.3.10 Green Manufacturing System and Economic
Performance 47
2.3.11 Green Manufacturing System and Competitive Edge 48
2.3.12 Green Manufacturing System and Environmental
Performance 49
2.3.13 Green Distribution and Competitive Advantage 50
2.3.14 Green Distribution and Environmental Performance 51
2.3.15 Green Transportation and Competitive Advantage 52
2.3.16 Green Transportation and Environmental Performance 52
2.3.17 Ecological Design and Economic Performance 53
2.3.18 Ecological Design and Competitive Advantage 54
2.3.19 Ecological Design and Environmental Performance 55
2.3.20 Environmental Performance and Economic Performance 55
2.3.21 Environmental Performance and Organizational
Performance 56
2.3.22 Competitive Advantage and Organizational Performance 57
2.3.23 Economic Performance and Organizational Performance 58
References 58
3 Theoretical Framework and Methodology of GSCM 65
3.1 Summary of Research Objectives 65
3.1.1 Theoretical Framework to Support Research Objective 66
3.2 Research Design 73
3.2.1 Research Approaches 74
3.2.2 Research Methods 75
3.2.3 Research Context 76
3.2.4 Research Process 76
3.3 Discussion of Current Research Methods 76
3.3.1 Questionnaire Survey 77
3.3.2 Unstructured Interviews 77
3.4 Choice of Research Locations and Interviewees 77
3.5 Statistical Techniques 77
3.6 Sampling Techniques 78
3.7 Data Source 79
3.7.1 Questionnaire Analysis 79
3.7.2 Primary Data 79
3.7.3 Secondary Data 79
3.8 Research Plan 80
3.9 Research Model 80
3.10 Research Hypotheses 80
3.11 Overview of Research Methodology 83
References 84
4 Statistical Analyses of Green Supply Chain Management 89
4.1 Survey Response Analysis 89
4.1.1 Survey Response Analysis 89
4.1.2 Non-response and Response Bias 92
4.2 Data Screening and Initial Analysis 93
4.2.1 Missing Data and Outliers 94
4.2.2 Normality of Data 94
4.2.3 Common Method Bias 94
4.2.4 PLS-SEM 95
4.3 Measurement Refinement and Initial Analysis 96
4.3.1 Reliability and Validity of Measures 96
4.3.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis 102
4.4 Model Validation 109
4.4.1 Convergent Validity 109
4.4.2 Discriminant Validity 109
4.4.3 Quality Criteria of Model 113
4.5 Structural Model Evaluation 114
4.5.1 Structural Model Evaluation 114
4.5.2 Model Fit 118
4.5.3 Path Effects 120
4.5.4 Hypothesis Testing 131
4.6 Interview Analysis 132
4.6.1 Barriers of GSCM 132
4.6.2 Drivers of GSCM 146
References 164
5 Discussion on Green Supply Chain Management 167
5.1 Quantitative Part of the Research 167
5.1.1 IEM and GIS 167
5.1.2 IEM and GM 169
5.1.3 IEM and GD 173
5.1.4 IEM and GT 176
5.1.5 IEM and ED 178
5.1.6 GIS and GM 180
5.1.7 GIS and GD 182
5.1.8 GIS and GT 185
5.1.9 GIS and ED 188
5.1.10 GM and ECP 190
5.1.11 GM and CA 193
5.1.12 GM and ENP 195
5.1.13 GD and CA 197
5.1.14 GD and ENP 199
5.1.15 GT and CA 200
5.1.16 GT and ENP 202
5.1.17 ED and ECP 203
5.1.18 ED and CA 205
5.1.19 ED and ENP 206
5.1.20 ENP and ECP 207
5.1.21 ENP and ORP 208
5.1.22 CA and ORP 210
5.1.23 ECP and ORP 211
5.2 Qualitative Part of the Research 213
5.2.1 GSCM Barriers in Manufacturing Firms of Pakistan 213
5.2.2 GSCM Drivers in Manufacturing Firms of Pakistan 227
References 235
6 Practical Implications and Recommendations for Green
Supply Chain Management 241
6.1 Key Findings from Mixed Approached 241
6.2 Practical Implications 241
6.2.1 The Key Barriers 242
6.2.2 The Key Drivers 243
6.3 Research Contribution 246
6.3.1 Achievements of Research Objectives 248
6.3.2 Contribution to Knowledge (the Model) 248
6.3.3 Find Out Reasons Why Practitioners Adopt
or Not Adopt Green Practices 248
6.3.4 Implications for Practitioners 249
6.3.5 Implications to Government 249
6.4 Research Recommendations, Limitations, and Future Research 249
Appendix A: Correlational Matrix 251
Appendix B: Questionnaire 255
Appendix C: Interview Questions 257
Index 259
Preface
Society has started to realize that living unsustainably is not an option for the human race. The Anthropocene is upon us, where man’s actions can cause irreversible changes to our air, land, and water environment. We can alter the climate of the entire Earth with our actions. We are capable of causing entire species to extinction, never to be seen on Earth again.
These anthropocentric effects are due to our social and economic behaviors. We are currently, as a world, consuming more than one Earth can handle. If the global consumption rate were the same as some of our most developed regions, it would require up to a dozen Earth’s worth of resources.
The detriments to the environment and natural resources caused by our activities can be traced to businesses and industries. They have the greatest environmental impact, all in order to serve our needs. It is the processes and materials they use, how they design our products and services, and how products are stewarded by these companies.
It is only recently, that greening our businesses and their supply chains has come to the forefront. The topic includes thousands of studies and publications from across disciplines considering how to make our industry and economies greener.
There is no doubt that manufacturing has been one of the critical areas that support and influence a nation’s economy since the eighteenth century. As the primary driving force behind economic growth, manufacturing serves as the foundation of and contributes to other industries. In the past, manufacturing has contributed significantly to modern civilization and created the momentum that drives today’s economy. However, due to the substantial manufacturing activities, particularly in emerging economies, environmental sustainability is on risk, which created a challenge for governmental bodies and policymakers to prevent harmful activities before it is too late.
As a general overview, Chap. 1 begins with a clear definition of green supply chain management and their needs in today’s businesses, specifically in emerging countries. Cchapter 2 is based on in-depth literature reviews and hypotheses development.
Chapter 3 covers the theoretical framework and methodology adopted to examine the critical success factors and barriers faced by firms. Chapter 4 includes different statistical modeling, statistical techniques, and results of the study. Chapter 5 contains a detailed discussion on the study results and comparison with previously published literature. Finally, Chap. 6 covers concluding remarks and policy implications to the managerial staff and governmental bodies for the sake of better environmental sustainability.