Feminist Issues: Race, Class, and Sexuality, Sixth Canadian Edition
By Nancy Mandell and Jennifer L. Johnson
Contents
Notes on Contributors xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Theorizing Women’s Oppression and Social Change: Liberal,
Socialist, Radical, and Postmodern Feminisms 1
Shana L. Calixte, Jennifer L. Johnson, and J. Maki Motapanyane
Introduction 1
Liberal Feminism: Key Historical Points, Principles, and Goals 1
Contemporary and Global Dimensions of Liberal Feminist Thought 5
Critiques of Liberal Feminism 7
Socialist Feminism 8
Defining Socialist Feminism 8
Historical Background: Marxist and Socialist Feminism 9
The Contemporary and Global Landscapes 12
Critiques of Socialist Feminism 13
Radical Feminism 14
Defining Radical Feminism 14
Sites of Oppression: Patriarchy, the State, and the Family 14
Women’s Bodies: Reproduction, Pornography, and Violence 16
Female Separation: Lesbian Feminism and Cultural Feminism 18
Global and Contemporary Dimensions of Radical Feminist Thought 19
Critiques of Radical Feminism 20
Poststructural and Postmodern Feminism 21
Defining Poststructural and Postmodern Feminism 21
Historical Influences 23
Feminist Critiques of Poststructural and Postmodern Feminism 25
Conclusion 26
Endnotes 27
Discussion Questions 28
Bibliography 28
2 Race, Indigeneity, and Feminism 35
Carmela Murdocca
Introduction 35
Race, Colonialism, Modernity 36
Some Definitions: Colonialism, Imperialism, and Race 37
Race and Representation 41
Race and Culture 44
Tracing Intersectionality 45
The “How” of Intersectionality 49
Some Possibilities and Limitations of Intersectionality 53
Conclusion 57
Endnotes 57
Discussion Questions 58
Bibliography 58
3 Transnational Feminism 62
Corinne L. Mason
Introduction 62
Globalization, Local/Global, and the Transnational 63
Local/Global 65
Transnational 66
Global Feminism and Transnational Feminism: Knowing the Difference 68
Migration 72
Representation 74
Decolonizing Feminist Thought 74
Decolonizing Feminist Research 75
Globalization and Violence against Women 78
Representing Violence against Women 78
Activism and Solidarity 80
Saving Other Women 80
The United Nations As a Site for Advocacy 83
Worker Solidarity 83
Conclusion 84
Endnotes 85
Discussion Questions 86
Bibliography 86
4 Stitch the Bitch: #girl#socialmedia#body#human 90
Katie Warfield, Fiona Whittington-Walsh
#Introduction 90
#Media#Ideology 93
#Nature#Body versus #Mind#Technology 93
#Social#Media 95
#Plugged-in#Girls 97
#Iam#Amanda 99
#Iam#Malala 104
#Backlash 108
#Cyborg 111
Endnotes 113
Discussion Questions 114
Bibliography 114
5 Constructing Gender, Regulating Sexuality 119
Susanne Luhmann
Introduction 119
Learning about Sex—Constructing Sexuality 119
First Thoughts on Sex and Sexuality (and on Gender Too) 120
Why Have Sex? 121
Sex vs. Gender 122
Gender Differences in Cultural Context 122
Studying Gender Cross-Culturally 123
The Coherence of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality As Heterosexual Matrix 124
Binary Gender Constructions 124
A (Brief) History of Sexuality 126
One-Sex and Two-Sex Model 128
The Perilous Route of Sexual Differentiation 128
Intersex and Human Variation 129
The Invention of Heterosexuality 131
Charting Human Sexual Diversity 132
Constructing Sexuality Cross-culturally 133
The Strong Social Constructionist View 135
Constructing Sexual Normalcy 136
Feminist Challenges to “Sexual Normalcy” 136
The Compulsory Institution of Heterosexuality 137
Heterosexual Privilege 138
Queering Heterosexuality 139
Conclusion: The Antinomies of Young People’s Sexuality 142
Endnotes 143
Discussion Questions 144
Bibliography 144
6 Through the Mirror of Beauty Culture 147
Carla Rice
Introduction 147
The Uneasy Primacy of Images 148
Body Projects Today 151
Weight and Eating 153
Eating Distress 155
Skin 157
Hair 160
Breasts 164
Conclusion: Recovering Beauty? 167
Endnotes 168
Discussion Questions 168
Bibliography 169
7 Men, Masculinities, and Feminism 175
Christopher J. Greig and Barbara A. Pollard
The Early Writings on Men and Masculinity 175
Early Writings on Men and Masculinity: 1970s and 1980s 176
Later Writings on Masculinities: The late 1980s to the Present 180
Understanding Masculinities 181
Hegemonic Masculinity 181
Masculinity As Performance 185
Masculinities and Intersectionality 186
Class and Masculinities 186
Race and Masculinities 187
Masculinities and Disabilities 188
Sport: A Key Social Location for the Making of Masculinities 190
Conclusion 195
Discussion Questions 196
Bibliography 196
8 Violence Against Women in Canada 201
Katherine M. J. McKenna
Introduction 201
Identifying the Problem 202
Types of Violence Against Women 204
Sexual Assault 204
Intimate Partner Violence 207
Sexual Harassment 214
Violence Against Women and Intersectionality 216
Pornography and Prostitution 220
Violence Against Women Internationally 221
Conclusion: Is it Possible to Have a Society Where Women
are Free from Male Violence? 222
Endnotes 223
Discussion Questions 223
Bibliography 223
9 Challenging Old Age: Women’s Next Revolution 229
Nancy Mandell and Ann Duffy
Feminism and Ageism 229
Theorizing Age—Feminist Political Economy Perspectives 230
Aging and Poverty 232
Other Unattached Women 235
Racialized Poverty and Immigrant Women 236
Transnational Seniors 237
The Future: Precarious Pensions and Postponed Retirement 238
Aging and Caring: Giving and Receiving Care 241
Aging: Embodiment 245
Conclusion 247
Discussion Questions 248
Bibliography 249
10 Mothers’ Maintenance of Families Through Market
and Family Care Relations 256
Amber Gazso
Introduction 256
Some Brief Feminist Insights 257
The Contemporary Market and Family Care Relations of Mothers 260
Mothers’ Experiences of Work-Family Conflict 266
Strategies for Managing and Sustaining Market and
Family Care Relations 270
Transnational Management of Paid Work and Family Care 273
The Role of the State: Parental Leave Policy 274
Conclusion 277
Endnotes 278
Discussion Questions 278
Bibliography 278
11 Women and Education 284
Michelle Webber
Introduction 284
Historical Background 284
Lower Education 285
Teachers and Principals 285
Students 286
Contemporary Research 289
Higher Education 293
Students 294
The Professoriate 295
Women’s Studies and Feminism in the Academy 299
Feminist Pedagogies 300
The Rise of the McUniversity 301
Conclusion 301
Discussion Questions 302
Bibliography 302
12 Health As a Feminist Issue 311
Carrie Bourassa with contributions from Mel Bendig, Eric Oleson,
Cassie Ozog
Introduction 311
Defining Health 311
Social Determinants of Health 313
Health As a Feminist Issue 315
Gender Equity and Bias 320
Canadian Demographics 321
Gender Equity, Social Determinants of Health and Intersectionality—
Let the Data Speak 321
Transnational Health Concerns 322
Canadian Health Trends 323
Immigrant Women’s Health 324
Indigenous Women’s Health 325
Relevant Policy Analysis 327
Intersectional Feminist Frameworks 329
Women’s Health Activism in Canada 330
Cultural Safety 332
Conclusion 334
Endnotes 334
Discussion Questions 335
Bibliography 335
Index 340