Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry, 10th Edition PDF by Spencer L Seager, Michael R Slabaugh and Maren S Hansen

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Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition

By Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh and Maren S. Hansen

Chemistry for Today General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition

Contents:

Chapter 1

Matter, Measurements,

and Calculations 2

1.1 What Is Matter? 3

1.2 Properties and Changes 4

1.3 A Model of Matter 7

1.4 Classifying Matter 9

1.5 Measurement Units 13

1.6 The Metric System 13

1.7 Large and Small Numbers 19

1.8 Significant Figures 23

1.9 Using Units in Calculations 28

1.10 Calculating Percentages 30

1.11 Density 32

Concept Summary 36

Key Terms and Concepts 37

Key Equations 37

Exercises 38

Additional Exercises 44

Chemistry for Thought 44

Health Career Focus 2

Environmental Connections 1.1 A Central

Science 5

Healt h Connections 1.1 Effects of Temperature on

Body Functions 19

Study tools 1.1 Help with Calculations 32

Healt h Connections 1.2 Choose Wisely for Health

Information 34

Health Career Description 35

Chapter 2

Atoms and Molecules 46

2.1 Symbols and Formulas 47

2.2 Inside the Atom 49

2.3 Isotopes 51

2.4 Relative Masses of Atoms and Molecules 52

2.5 Isotopes and Atomic Weights 55

2.6 Avogadro’s Number: The Mole 57

2.7 The Mole and Chemical Formulas 61

Concept Summary 64

Key Terms and Concepts 65

Exercises 65

Additional Exercises 68

Chemistry for Thought 68

Environmental Career Focus 46

Healt h Connections 2.1 Uprooting Herbal

Myths 53

Healt h Connections 2.2 Take Care of Your

Bones 54

Study tools 2.1 Help with Mole Calculations 63

Environmental Career Description 64

Chapter 3

Electronic Structure and

the Periodic Law 70

3.1 The Periodic Law and Table 71

3.2 Electronic Arrangements in Atoms 73

3.3 The Shell Model and Chemical Properties 76

3.4 Electronic Configurations 78

3.5 Another Look at the Periodic Table 82

3.6 Property Trends within the Periodic Table 86

Concept Summary 91

Key Terms and Concepts 92

Exercises 92

Additional Exercises 95

Chemistry for Thought 95

Health Career Focus 70

Healt h Connections 3.1 Watch the Salt 74

Study tools 3.1 The Convention Hotels Analogy 81

Healt h Connections 3.2 Zinc for Colds? 85

Health Career Description 91

Chapter 4

Forces between Particles 96

4.1 Noble Gas Configurations 97

4.2 Ionic Bonding 99

4.3 Ionic Compounds 101

4.4 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds 104

4.5 The Smallest Unit of Ionic Compounds 106

4.6 Covalent Bonding 107

4.7 Polyatomic Ions 111

4.8 Shapes of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions 114

4.9 The Polarity of Covalent Molecules 118

4.10 More about Naming Compounds 122

4.11 Other Interparticle Forces 125

Concept Summary 130

Key Terms and Concepts 131

Exercises 132

Additional Exercises 136

Chemistry for Thought 136

Health Career Focus 96

Healt h Connections 4.1 Consider the

Mediterranean Diet 103

Healt h Connections 4.2 Are All Iron Preparations

Created Equal? 119

Study tools 4.1 Help with Polar and Nonpolar

Molecules 123

Environmental Connections 4.1 Ozone: Good

Up High, Bad Nearby 127

Health Career Description 130

Chapter 5

Chemical Reactions 138

5.1 Chemical Equations 139

5.2 Types of Reactions 141

5.3 Redox Reactions 141

5.4 Decomposition Reactions 145

5.5 Combination Reactions 146

5.6 Replacement Reactions 146

5.7 Ionic Equations 148

5.8 Energy and Reactions 150

5.9 The Mole and Chemical Equations 150

5.10 The Limiting Reactant 153

5.11 Reaction Yields 155

Concept Summary 157

Key Terms and Concepts 158

Key Equations 158

Exercises 159

Additional Exercises 163

Chemistry for Thought 163

Health Career Focus 138

Healt h Connections 5.1 Add Color to Your Diet 150

Healt h Connections 5.2 Teeth Whitening 152

Study tools 5.1 Help with Oxidation Numbers 156

Health Career Description 157

Chapter 6

The States of Matter 164

6.1 Observed Properties of Matter 166

6.2 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter 168

6.3 The Solid State 169

6.4 The Liquid State 170

6.5 The Gaseous State 170

6.6 The Gas Laws 171

6.7 Pressure, Temperature, and Volume

Relationships 174

6.8 The Ideal Gas Law 178

6.9 Dalton’s Law 180

6.10 Graham’s Law 181

6.11 Changes in State 182

6.12 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 183

6.13 Boiling and the Boiling Point 184

6.14 Sublimation and Melting 185

6.15 Energy and the States of Matter 186

Concept Summary 190

Key Terms and Concepts 192

Key Equations 192

Exercises 193

Additional Exercises 197

Chemistry for Thought 197

Environmental Career Focus 164

Healt h Connections 6.1 Get an Accurate Blood

Pressure Reading 174

Healt h Connections 6.2 Therapeutic Uses of

Oxygen Gas 187

Study tools 6.1 Which Gas Law to Use 189

Environmental Career Description 190

Chapter 7

Solutions and Colloids 198

7.1 Physical States of Solutions 199

7.2 Solubility 200

7.3 The Solution Process 204

7.4 Solution Concentrations 208

7.5 Solution Preparation 212

7.6 Solution Stoichiometry 216

7.7 Solution Properties 218

7.8 Colloids 223

7.9 Dialysis 226

Concept Summary 228

Key Terms and Concepts 229

Key Equations 229

Exercises 230

Additional Exercises 234

Chemistry for Thought 235

Health Career Focus 198

Healt h Connections 7.1 Stay Hydrated 210

Study tools 7.1 Getting Started with Molarity

Calculations 210

Healt h Connections 7.2 Juices and Sports

Drinks 225

Environmental Connections 7.1 CO2

Emissions: A Blanket Around the Earth 227

Health Career Description 227

Chapter 8

Reaction Rates

and Equilibrium 236

8.1 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous

Processes 237

8.2 Reaction Rates 239

8.3 Molecular Collisions 240

8.4 Energy Diagrams 242

8.5 Factors That Influence Reaction Rates 243

8.6 Chemical Equilibrium 246

8.7 The Position of Equilibrium 247

8.8 Factors That Influence Equilibrium

Position 250

Concept Summary 253

Key Terms and Concepts 253

Key Equations 254

Exercises 254

Additional Exercises 258

Chemistry for Thought 258

Health Career Focus 236

Healt h Connections 8.1 Energy Drinks 241

Healt h Connections 8.2 Use Your Phone to Help

You Stay Healthy 246

Study tools 8.1 Le Châtelier’s Principle in Everyday

Life 252

Health Career Description 252

Chapter 9

Acids, Bases, and Salts 260

9.1 The Arrhenius Theory 261

9.2 The Brønsted Theory 261

9.3 Naming Acids 263

9.4 The Self-Ionization of Water 265

9.5 The pH Concept 267

9.6 Properties of Acids 271

9.7 Properties of Bases 275

9.8 Salts 276

9.9 The Strengths of Acids and Bases 281

9.10 Analyzing Acids and Bases 285

9.11 Titration Calculations 287

9.12 Hydrolysis Reactions of Salts 288

9.13 Buffers 289

Concept Summary 293

Key Terms and Concepts 294

Key Equations 294

Exercises 295

Additional Exercises 302

Chemistry for Thought 302

Health Career Focus 260

Environmental Connections 9.1 Carbon

Dioxide in the Oceans 263

Study tools 9.1 Writing Reactions of Acids 276

Healt h Connections 9.1 Heartburn Alert 284

Health Career Description 292

Chapter 10

Radioactivity and Nuclear

Processes 304

10.1 Radioactive Nuclei 305

10.2 Equations for Nuclear Reactions 306

10.3 Isotope Half-Life 309

10.4 The Health Effects of Radiation 311

10.5 Measurement Units for Radiation 313

10.6 Medical Uses of Radioisotopes 315

10.7 Nonmedical Uses of Radioisotopes 317

10.8 Induced Nuclear Reactions 318

10.9 Nuclear Energy 321

Concept Summary 325

Key Terms and Concepts 326

Key Equations 327

Exercises 327

Additional Exercises 329

Chemistry for Thought 329

Health Career Focus 304

Healt h Connections 10.1 Diagnostic

Radiation 314

Healt h Connections 10.2 Check the Radon Level

in Your Home 318

Health Career Description 325

Chapter 11

Organic Compounds: Alkanes 330

11.1 Carbon: The Element of Organic

Compounds 331

11.2 Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Compared 332

11.3 Bonding Characteristics and Isomerism 334

11.4 Functional Groups: The Organization

of Organic Chemistry 336

11.5 Alkane Structures 339

11.6 Conformations of Alkanes 343

11.7 Alkane Nomenclature 345

11.8 Cycloalkanes 352

11.9 The Shape of Cycloalkanes 354

11.10 Physical Properties of Alkanes 357

11.11 Alkane Reactions 359

Concept Summary 362

Key Terms and Concepts 363

Key Equations 363

Exercises 363

Additional Exercises 371

Chemistry for Thought 371

Environmental Career Focus 330

Study TOOLS 11.1 Changing Gears for Organic

Chemistry 334

Healt h Connections 11.1 Is Organic Food Worth

the Price? 340

Healt h Connections 11.2 Take Care of Dry

Skin 357

Environmental Connections 11.1 Reducing

Your Carbon Footprint 359

Environmental Career Description 361

Chapter 12

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 372

12.1 The Nomenclature of Alkenes 374

12.2 The Geometry of Alkenes 376

12.3 Properties of Alkenes 380

12.4 Addition Polymers 386

12.5 Alkynes 390

12.6 Aromatic Compounds and the Benzene

Structure 391

12.7 The Nomenclature of Benzene

Derivatives 393

12.8 Properties and Uses of Aromatic

Compounds 396

Concept Summary 398

Key Terms and Concepts 399

Key Equations 399

Exercises 400

Additional Exercises 406

Chemistry for Thought 406

Health Career Focus 372

Healt h Connections 12.1 Three-Dimensional

Printers 378

Study tools 12.1 Keeping a Reaction Card File 385

Study tools 12.2 A Reaction Map for Alkenes 388

Healt h Connections 12.2 Think before Getting

Brown 395

Health Career Description 398

Chapter 13

Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 408

13.1 The Nomenclature of Alcohols

and Phenols 410

13.2 Classification of Alcohols 412

13.3 Physical Properties of Alcohols 413

13.4 Reactions of Alcohols 415

13.5 Important Alcohols 422

13.6 Characteristics and Uses of Phenols 425

13.7 Ethers 428

13.8 Properties of Ethers 429

13.9 Thiols 430

13.10 Polyfunctional Compounds 433

Concept Summary 435

Key Terms and Concepts 436

Key Reactions 436

Exercises 437

Additional Exercises 444

Chemistry for Thought 444

Health Career Focus 408

Study TOOLS 13.1 A Reaction Map for Alcohols 423

Healt h Connections 13.1 Alcohol and

Antidepressants Don’t Mix 424

Healt h Connections 13.2 Take Advantage of Hand

Sanitizers 427

Healt h Connections 13.3 General

Anesthetics 430

Health Career Description 434

Chapter 14

Aldehydes and Ketones 446

14.1 The Nomenclature of Aldehydes

and Ketones 447

14.2 Physical Properties 450

14.3 Chemical Properties 452

14.4 Important Aldehydes and Ketones 464

Concept Summary 466

Key Terms and Concepts 467

Key Equations 467

Exercises 468

Additional Exercises 476

Chemistry for Thought 476

Health Career Focus 446

Healt h Connections 14.1 Faking a Tan 451

Study tools 14.1 A Reaction Map for Aldehydes

and Ketones 460

Healt h Connections 14.2 Vanilloids: Hot Relief

from Pain 463

Health Career Description 465

Chapter 15

Carboxylic Acids and

Esters 478

15.1 The Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids 479

15.2 Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 481

15.3 The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 483

15.4 Salts of Carboxylic Acids 485

15.5 Carboxylic Esters 487

15.6 The Nomenclature of Esters 492

15.7 Reactions of Esters 493

15.8 Esters of Inorganic Acids 497

Concept Summary 499

Key Terms and Concepts 500

Key Equations 500

Exercises 501

Additional Exercises 507

Chemistry for Thought 507

Health Career Focus 478

Environmental Connections 15.1 Plastics:

Cleanup Time 489

Healt h Connections 15.1 Consider Low-Dose

Aspirin 495

Study tools 15.1 A Reaction Map for Carboxylic

Acids 496

Healt h Connections 15.2 Nitroglycerin in Dynamite

and in Medicine 498

Health Career Description 499

Chapter 16

Amines and Amides 510

16.1 Classification of Amines 511

16.2 The Nomenclature of Amines 512

16.3 Physical Properties of Amines 514

16.4 Chemical Properties of Amines 515

16.5 Amines as Neurotransmitters 522

16.6 Other Biologically Important Amines 525

16.7 The Nomenclature of Amides 528

16.8 Physical Properties of Amides 530

16.9 Chemical Properties of Amides 532

Concept Summary 535

Key Terms and Concepts 536

Key Equations 536

Exercises 536

Additional Exercises 543

Chemistry for Thought 543

Health Career Focus 510

Healt h Connections 16.1 Aspirin Substitutes 522

Study tools 16.1 A Reaction Map for

Amines 525

Healt h Connections 16.2 Try a Little

Chocolate 528

Health Career Description 534

Chapter 17

Carbohydrates 546

17.1 Classes of Carbohydrates 547

17.2 The Stereochemistry of Carbohydrates 548

17.3 Fischer Projections 552

17.4 Monosaccharides 556

17.5 Properties of Monosaccharides 557

17.6 Important Monosaccharides 563

17.7 Disaccharides 564

17.8 Polysaccharides 568

Concept Summary 572

Key Terms and Concepts 573

Key Equations 573

Exercises 574

Additional Exercises 579

Chemistry for Thought 579

Health Career Focus 546

Healt h Connections 17.1 Sugar-Free Foods and

Diabetes 561

Study tools 17.1 Biomolecules: A New Focus 565

Healt h Connections 17.2 Put Fiber into Snacks

and Meals 571

Health Career Description 572

Chapter 18

Lipids 582

18.1 Classification of Lipids 583

18.2 Fatty Acids 584

18.3 The Structure of Fats and Oils 588

18.4 Chemical Properties of Fats and Oils 589

18.5 Waxes 594

18.6 Phosphoglycerides 594

18.7 Sphingolipids 597

18.8 Biological Membranes 600

18.9 Steroids 602

18.10 Steroid Hormones 604

18.11 Prostaglandins 606

Concept Summary 608

Key Terms and Concepts 609

Key Equations 609

Exercises 610

Additional Exercises 613

Chemistry for Thought 613

Health Career Focus 582

Study tools 18.1 A Reaction Map for

Triglycerides 594

Healt h Connections 18.1 Consider

Olive Oil 606

Health Career Description 607

Chapter 19

Proteins 614

19.1 The Amino Acids 615

19.2 Zwitterions 618

19.3 Reactions of Amino Acids 620

19.4 Important Peptides 624

19.5 Characteristics of Proteins 625

19.6 The Primary Structure of Proteins 628

19.7 The Secondary Structure of Proteins 629

19.8 The Tertiary Structure of Proteins 632

19.9 The Quaternary Structure of Proteins 634

19.10 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation 636

Concept Summary 638

Key Terms and Concepts 639

Key Equations 640

Exercises 641

Additional Exercises 644

Chemistry for Thought 644

Health Career Focus 614

Healt h Connections 19.1 Higher-Protein Diet 621

Healt h Connections 19.2 A Milk Primer 632

Study tools 19.1 Visualizing Protein Structure 636

Health Career Description 638

Chapter 20

Enzymes 646

20.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes 647

20.2 Enzyme Nomenclature and

Classification 648

20.3 Enzyme Cofactors 650

20.4 The Mechanism of Enzyme Action 651

20.5 Enzyme Activity 652

20.6 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 653

20.7 Enzyme Inhibition 655

20.8 The Regulation of Enzyme Activity 660

20.9 Medical Application of Enzymes 663

Concept Summary 665

Key Terms and Concepts 666

Key Equations 666

Exercises 666

Additional Exercises 670

Chemistry for Thought 670

Health Career Focus 646

Healt h Connections 20.1 Cut Back on Processed

Meat 650

Healt h Connections 20.2 No Milk, Please 658

Study tools 20.1 A Summary Chart of Enzyme

Inhibitors 662

Health Career Description 665

Chapter 21

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 672

21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids 673

21.2 The Structure of DNA 676

21.3 DNA Replication 680

21.4 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 684

21.5 The Flow of Genetic Information 687

21.6 Transcription: RNA Synthesis 688

21.7 The Genetic Code 690

21.8 Translation and Protein Synthesis 693

21.9 Mutations 695

21.10 Recombinant DNA 696

Concept Summary 700

Key Terms and Concepts 701

Exercises 701

Additional Exercises 704

Chemistry for Thought 705

Environmental Career Focus 672

Healt h Connections 21.1 Is There a DNA Checkup

in Your Future? 690

Study tools 21.1 Remembering Key Words 692

Healt h Connections 21.2 Gene Editing and Your Health 697

Environmental Career Description 699

Chapter 22

Nutrition and Energy for Life 706

22.1 Nutritional Requirements 707

22.2 The Macronutrients 709

22.3 Micronutrients I: Vitamins 712

22.4 Micronutrients II: Minerals 714

22.5 The Flow of Energy in the Biosphere 716

22.6 Metabolism and an Overview

of Energy Production 718

22.7 ATP: The Primary Energy Carrier 720

22.8 Important Coenzymes in the Common

Catabolic Pathway 724

Concept Summary 730

Key Terms and Concepts 731

Key Equations 731

Exercises 732

Additional Exercises 735

Chemistry for Thought 735

Health Career Focus 706

Healt h Connections 22.1 Select a Heart-Healthful Diet 714

Study Tools 22.1 Bioprocesses 722

Healt h Connections 22.2 Fiber Supplements? 728

Health Career Description 730

Chapter 23

Carbohydrate Metabolism 736

23.1 The Digestion of Carbohydrates 737

23.2 Blood Glucose 737

23.3 Glycolysis 738

23.4 The Fates of Pyruvate 741

23.5 The Citric Acid Cycle 743

23.6 The Electron Transport Chain 746

23.7 Oxidative Phosphorylation 747

23.8 The Complete Oxidation of Glucose 749

23.9 Glycogen Metabolism 751

23.10 Gluconeogenesis 753

23.11 The Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate

Metabolism 754

Concept Summary 755

Key Terms and Concepts 757

Key Equations 757

Exercises 758

Additional Exercises 761

Chemistry for Thought 761

Health Career Focus 736

Health Connections 23.1 How Can We Avoid

Energy Crashes? 740

Healt h Connections 23.2 Lactate

Accumulation 745

Study tools 23.1 Key Numbers for ATP

Calculations 752

Health Career Description 755

Chapter 24

Lipid and Amino

Acid Metabolism 762

24.1 Blood Lipids 763

24.2 Fat Mobilization 766

24.3 Glycerol Metabolism 767

24.4 The Oxidation of Fatty Acids 767

24.5 The Energy from Fatty Acids 770

24.6 Ketone Bodies 771

24.7 Fatty Acid Synthesis 773

24.8 Amino Acid Metabolism 774

24.9 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate

of the Nitrogen Atoms 776

24.10 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Fate

of the Carbon Skeleton 780

24.11 Amino Acid Biosynthesis 783

Concept Summary 785

Key Terms and Concepts 786

Key Equations 786

Exercises 787

Additional Exercises 789

Chemistry for Thought 790

Health Career Focus 762

Healt h Connections 24.1 Are Certain Foods Better

for the Brain? 765

Study tools 24.1 Key Numbers for ATP

Calculations 773

Healt h Connections 24.2 Phenylketonuria

(PKU) 781

Healt h Connections 24.3 Phenylalanine and Diet

Foods 782

Health Career Description 784

Chapter 25

Body Fluids 792

25.1 A Comparison of Body Fluids 793

25.2 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport 794

25.3 Chemical Transport to the Cells 797

25.4 The Constituents of Urine 798

25.5 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 799

25.6 Acid–Base Balance 801

25.7 Buffer Control of Blood pH 801

25.8 Respiratory Control of Blood pH 802

25.9 Urinary Control of Blood pH 802

25.10 Acidosis and Alkalosis 803

Concept Summary 806

Key Terms and Concepts 808

Key Equations 808

Exercises 808

Additional Exercises 810

Chemistry for Thought 810

Health Career Focus 792

Health Connections 25.1 Pulse Oximetry 800

Health Career Description 806

Appendix A The International System

of Measurements A-1

Appendix B Answers to Even-Numbered

End-of-Chapter Exercises B-1

Appendix C Solutions to Learning Checks C-1

Glossary G-1

Index I-1

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