Experience Human Development, 15th Edition
Diane E. Papalia and Gabriela Martorell
Contents
About the Authors v
Preface l
About Human Development
chapter 1
The Study of Human
Development 2
Human Development: An Evolving Field 3
Studying the Life Span 3
Basic Concepts in Human Development 4
Domains of Development 4
Periods of the Life Span 5
Influences on Development 8
Heredity, Environment, and Maturation 8
Contexts of Development 9
Normative and Nonnormative Influences 16
Timing of Influences 16
The Life-Span Developmental Approach 17
summary and key terms 18
Research in Action Intersectionality and Inequity in
Human Development 13
Window on the World The World within Our
Borders: Immigration 15
chapter 2
Theory and Research 20
Basic Theoretical Issues 21
Issue 1: Is Development Active or Reactive? 21
Issue 2: Is Development Continuous or
Discontinuous? 22
Theoretical Perspectives 23
Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic 23
Perspective 2: Learning 26
Perspective 3: Cognitive 29
Perspective 4: Contextual 31
Perspective 5: Evolutionary/Sociobiological 32
Research Methods 33
Quantitative and Qualitative Research 33
Sampling 34
Forms of Data Collection 34
Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative
Research 36
Basic Research Designs 36
Developmental Research Designs 40
Research Issues 42
Diversity in Research 42
The Open Science Movement and the
Reproducibility Crisis 42
Research Ethics 44
summary and key terms 44
Window on the World Cross-Cultural
Research 37
Research in Action Broadening the
Narrative: Diversity in Psychological
Research 43
Beginnings
Danie Nel Photography/Shutterstock
chapter 3
Forming a New Life 46
Conceiving New Life 47
Cultural Beliefs About Conception 47
Fertilization 47
Assisted Reproductive Technologies 49
Multiple Births 49
Mechanisms of Heredity 50
The Genetic Code 50
Sex Determination 51
Patterns of Genetic Transmission 52
Genetic and Chromosomal Abnormalities 54
Genetic Counseling and Testing 58
Studying the Influences of Heredity and
Environment 59
Measuring Heritability 59
How Heredity and the Environment Work Together 60
Characteristics Influenced by Heredity and
Environment 62
Prenatal Development 64
Cultural Beliefs about Prenatal Development 65
Stages of Prenatal Development 65
Environmental Influences: Maternal Factors 70
Environmental Influences: Paternal Factors 78
Monitoring and Promoting Prenatal
Development 78
summary and key terms 81
Research in Action Indigenous Motherhood 48
Window on the World Prenatal Care
around the World 80
chapter 4
Birth and Physical Development
during the First Three Years 84
Childbirth, Culture, and Change 85
The Birth Process 87
Stages of Childbirth 88
Electronic Fetal Monitoring 88
Vaginal versus Cesarean Delivery 89
Medicated versus Nonmedicated Delivery 89
Childbirth and the COVID-19 Pandemic 90
The Newborn Baby 91
Size and Appearance 91
Body Systems 91
Medical and Behavioral Assessment 92
States of Arousal 93
Complications of Childbirth 95
Low Birth Weight 95
Postmaturity 99
Stillbirth 99
Survival and Health 99
Infant Mortality 99
Immunization for Better Health 104
Early Physical Development 105
Principles of Development 105
Physical Growth 106
Nutrition 106
Building the Brain 109
Early Sensory Capacities 114
Motor Development 116
Milestones of Motor Development 116
Motor Development and Perception 117
Theories of Motor Development 118
Ethnic and Cultural Influences on Motor Development 120
summary and key terms 121
Window on the World Where to Lay You Down to
Sleep? Sleep Customs across the World 95
Research in Action Should I Stay or Should I Go:
Disparities in the Use of Parental Leave 103
chapter 5
Cognitive Development during
the First Three Years 124
Studying Cognitive Development 125
Behaviorist Approach 125
Classical and Operant Conditioning 125
Research Applications 126
Psychometric Approach 127
Testing Infants and Toddlers 127
Assessing the Early Home Environment 127
Early Intervention 129
Piagetian Approach 130
Substages of the Sensorimotor Stage 130
Object Concept 132
Imitation 132
Symbolic Development 133
Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage 135
Information-Processing Approach 136
Habituation 136
Tools of Infant Research 137
Perceptual and Attentional Processes 137
Cross-Modal Transfer 138
Information Processing as a Predictor of Intelligence 138
Information Processing and Piagetian Abilities 139
Evaluating Information-Processing Research 142
Cognitive Neuroscience Approach 142
Social-Contextual Approach 143
Language Development 145
Classic Theories of Language Acquisition: The Nature-
Nurture Debate 145
Sequence of Early Language Development 146
Variations in Language Development 151
Characteristics of Early Speech 153
Influences on Early Language Development 153
summary and key terms 157
Research in Action Strength versus Deficit:
Contextualizing Research in Language Development 152
Window on the World Literacy and Language 156
chapter 6
Psychosocial Development
during the First Three Years 160
Foundations of Psychosocial Development 161
Early Emotional Development 161
Temperament 165
Early Social Experiences: The Family 167
Gender 169
Developmental Issues in Infancy 171
Developing Trust 171
Developing Attachments 171
Mutual Regulation 175
Social Referencing 176
Developmental Issues in Toddlerhood 177
The Emerging Sense of Self 177
Development of Autonomy 179
Moral Development and Socialization 179
Relationships with Other Children 182
Siblings 182
Peers 183
Children of Working Parents 184
Effects of Maternal Employment 184
Early Child Care 184
Child Maltreatment 185
Maltreatment in Infancy and Toddlerhood 186
Long-Term Effects of Maltreatment 187
summary and key terms 188
Research in Action Cultural Considerations in the
Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder 178
Window on the World The Terrible Twos Might Not
Be That Bad 180
Early Childhood
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chapter 7
Physical and Cognitive Development
in Early Childhood 190
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 191
Aspects of Physical Development 191
Bodily Growth and Change 191
Sleep 191
Brain Development 194
Motor Skills 194
Health and Safety 196
Obesity and Overweight 196
Undernutrition 198
Food Allergies 198
Oral Health 199
Deaths and Accidental Injuries 199
Environmental Influences 201
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 203
Piagetian Approach 203
Advances of Preoperational Thought 204
Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought 206
Theory of Mind 207
Memory 212
Basic Processes and Capacities 212
Metamemory 213
Executive Functioning 213
Childhood Memories 214
Intelligence 215
Psychometric Measures of Intelligence 215
Influences on Measured Intelligence 215
Testing and Teaching Based on Vygotsky’s Theory 217
Language Development 218
Vocabulary 218
Grammar and Syntax 218
Pragmatics and Social Speech 219
Private Speech 219
Speech and Language Delays 220
Emergent Literacy 220
Early Childhood Education 221
Cultural Variations in Early Education 221
Preschool 221
Kindergarten 223
summary and key terms 223
Research in Action Health Risks of Screen Time
During COVID-19 197
Window on the World The First 5 Years 200
chapter 8
Psychosocial Development in Early
Childhood 226
The Developing Self 227
The Self-Concept and Cognitive Development 227
Self-Esteem 230
Regulating Emotions 231
Understanding Emotions 232
Erikson: Initiative versus Guilt 232
Gender 233
Sex Differences 233
Perspectives on Gender Development 234
Play 241
Cognitive Levels of Play 242
The Social Dimension of Play 242
Gender and Play 243
Culture and Play 244
Parenting 245
Forms of Discipline 245
Parenting Styles 248
Relationships with Other Children 250
Sibling Relationships 250
The Only Child 250
Playmates and Friends 251
summary and key terms 253
Research in Action Lights, Camera, Representation:
BIPOC Children’s Exposure to Violent Digital Media 228
Window on the World Age Segregation versus
Mixed-Age Play 252
Middle Childhood
Maria Moroz/Shutterstock
chapter 9
Physical and Cognitive Development
in Middle Childhood 256
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 257
Aspects of Physical Development 257
Height and Weight 257
Dental Health 257
Nutrition 258
Sleep 259
Brain Development 259
Motor Development and Physical Activity 261
Physical Health 263
Overweight 263
Chronic Medical Conditions 264
Accidental Injuries 266
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 267
Piagetian Approach: Cognition 267
Cognitive Advances 267
Information-Processing Approach: Planning,
Attention, and Memory 271
Executive Functioning 271
Selective Attention 272
Working Memory 272
Mnemonics 273
Metamemory 273
Psychometric Approach: Intelligence 274
Measuring Intelligence 274
The IQ Controversy 275
Influences on Intelligence 275
Is There More Than One Intelligence? 276
Language and Literacy 279
Vocabulary, Grammar, and Syntax 279
Pragmatics 279
Second-Language Learning 280
Literacy 280
The Child in School 281
Influences on School Achievement 281
Educating Children with Special Needs 285
Children with Learning Problems 285
Gifted Children 287
summary and key terms 289
Window on the World Cultural Conceptions of
Intelligence 277
Research in Action Compounding Disadvantage:
Educational Access in the Age of COVID-19 285
chapter 10
Psychosocial Development in
Middle Childhood 292
The Developing Self 293
Self-Concept Development 293
Industry versus Inferiority 293
Emotional Development 294
The Child in the Family 295
Family Atmosphere 295
Family Structure 299
Sibling Relationships 306
The Child in the Peer Group 306
Peer Groups 306
Popularity 307
Friendship 309
Aggression and Bullying 309
Mental Health 313
Common Emotional Problems 313
Treatment Techniques 315
Resilience 316
summary and key terms 317
Window on the World Bullying across the World 311
Research in Action “The Talk”: Racial Socialization in
African American Families 297
Adolescence
kupicoo/E+/Getty Images
chapter 11
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Adolescence 320
Adolescence 321
Adolescence as a Social Construction 321
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 321
Puberty 321
Hormonal Changes in Puberty 321
Puberty and Sexual Maturity 322
Pubertal Timing 324
The Adolescent Brain 327
Physical and Mental Health 328
Physical Activity 329
Sleep 329
Nutrition and Eating Disorders 330
Drug Use 334
Depression 336
Death in Adolescence 337
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 339
Aspects of Cognitive Maturation 339
Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations 339
Immature Aspects of Adolescent Thought 340
Language Development 341
Moral Development and Prosocial Behavior 342
Educational and Vocational Issues 345
Academic Achievement 345
Dropping Out of High School 348
Preparing for Higher Education or Vocations 348
summary and key terms 350
Window on the World Culture and Cognition 340
Research in Action Who Are You? Puberty and
LGBTQ+ Identity Development 324
chapter 12
Psychosocial Development in
Adolescence 352
The Search for Identity 353
Identity versus Identity Confusion 353
Identity Status 353
Gender Differences in Identity Formation 354
Identity Development in Sexual-Minority Youth 354
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Identity Formation 355
Cultural Differences in Identity Formation 356
Sexuality 357
Sexual Orientation 357
Sexual Behavior 358
Sexually Transmitted Infections 360
Teen Pregnancy 363
Other Risks of Adolescence 366
Relationships with Family, Peers, and Adult
Society 366
The Myth of Adolescent Rebellion 367
Adolescents and Parents 367
Sibling Relationships 371
Peer Relationships 371
Antisocial Behavior and Juvenile Delinquency 376
Biological Influences 376
Environmental Influences 377
Preventing and Treating Delinquency 378
summary and key terms 379
Research in Action LGBTQ+ Inclusivity in Sex
Education 365
Window on the World Culture and Discretionary
Emerging and Young Adulthood
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chapter 13
Physical and Cognitive
Development in Emerging and
Young Adulthood 382
Emerging Adulthood 383
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 384
Health and Fitness 384
Health Status 384
Genetic Influences on Health 385
Behavioral Influences on Health 386
Indirect Influences on Health 391
Mental Health Problems 394
Sexual Issues 395
Sexual Behavior and Attitudes 395
Sexually Transmitted Infections 396
Menstrual Disorders 396
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 397
Perspectives on Adult Cognition 397
Piagetian Approaches 397
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 398
Emotional Intelligence 399
Moral Reasoning 400
The Three Ethics 400
Education and Work 401
College 401
Entering the World of Work 404
summary and key terms 405
Research in Action Hidden Disability: Rheumatoid
Arthritis in Young Adults 385
Window on the World Internet Addiction 389
chapter 14
Psychosocial Development in
Emerging and Young Adulthood 408
Developmental Tasks of Emerging Adulthood 409
Paths to Adulthood 409
Identity Development 410
Personality Development: Four Views 412
Normative-Stage Models 412
Timing-of-Events Model 413
Trait Models 414
Typological Models 415
Relationships in Emerging Adulthood 415
Relationships with Parents 416
Friendship 417
Love 418
Marital and Nonmarital Lifestyles 420
Single Life 420
Nonheterosexual Relationships 421
Cohabitation 422
Marriage 423
Parenthood 427
Cultural and Contextual Influences 427
Relationship Dynamics 429
When Marriage Ends 430
Divorce 430
Remarriage and Stepparenthood 432
summary and key terms 432
Research in Action Interracial Dating 419
Window on the World Popular Wedding Traditions
across Cultures 424
Middle Adulthood
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chapter 15
Physical and Cognitive Development
in Middle Adulthood 434
Middle Age: A Social Construct 435
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 436
Physical Changes 436
Sensory Functioning 436
Physical Fitness 437
The Brain at Midlife 437
Structural and Systemic Changes 438
Sexuality and Reproductive Functioning 439
Physical and Mental Health 443
Physical Health at Midlife 443
Behavioral Influences on Health 444
Socioeconomic Status and Health 445
Race/Ethnicity and Health 445
Gender and Health 446
Mental Health at Midlife 449
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 451
Cognitive Development at Midlife 451
Cognitive Performance 451
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 453
The Distinctiveness of Adult Cognition 453
Expertise 453
Integrative Thought 454
Creativity 455
Creativity and Age 455
Work and Education 456
Work and Retirement 456
Work and Cognitive Development 457
Adult Education 457
summary and key terms 459
Window on the World Cultural Differences in
Menopause 441
Research in Action Hard Times: Financial Stress at
Midlife 458
chapter 16
Psychosocial Development in
Middle Adulthood 462
Theoretical Models of Change at Midlife 463
Normative-Stage Models 463
Trait Models 465
Timing of Events Models 466
Issues and Themes at Midlife 467
The Midlife Crisis? 467
Identity Development 468
Positive Mental Health at Midlife 471
Relationships at Midlife 474
Theories of Social Contact 474
Relationships and Well-Being 475
Consensual Relationships 476
Marriage 476
Cohabitation 479
Divorce 479
Friendships 481
Relationships with Maturing Children 481
Adolescent Children 481
The Empty Nest 482
Adult Children 483
Voluntary Childlessness 483
Other Kinship Ties 484
Aging Parents 484
Siblings 487
Grandparenthood 487
summary and key terms 490
Research in Action Body Image and Well-Being at
Midlife 470
Window on the World The Global Sandwich
Generation 485
Late Adulthood
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chapter 17
Physical and Cognitive Development
in Late Adulthood 492
Old Age Today 493
The Graying of the Population 493
Conceptualization of Aging 495
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT 496
Longevity and Aging 496
Correlates of Life Expectancy 496
Theories of Aging 498
Extending the Human Life Span 500
Physical Changes 502
Organic and Systemic Changes 502
The Aging Brain 503
Sensory and Psychomotor Functioning 503
Sleep 507
Physical and Mental Health 508
Health Status 508
Chronic Conditions and Disabilities 509
Lifestyle Influences on Health and Longevity 511
Mental and Behavioral Problems 511
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 516
Cognitive Changes 516
Intelligence and Processing Abilities 516
Memory 518
Wisdom 521
summary and key terms 522
Window on the World Elder Care Worldwide 495
Research in Action The Psychological Consequences
of Hearing Loss 505
chapter 18
Psychosocial Development in Late
Adulthood 524
Personality Development in Late Adulthood 525
Ego Integrity versus Despair 525
Personality Traits in Old Age 525
Well-Being in Late Adulthood 527
Well-Being in Sexual Minorities 528
The Effect of Religion and Spirituality on Well-Being 528
Coping and Mental Health 529
Models of Successful Aging 530
Practical and Social Issues Related to Aging 533
Work and Retirement 533
Financial Concerns 535
Living Arrangements 536
Elder Abuse 540
Personal Relationships in Late Life 541
Theories of Social Contact and Support 541
Relationships and Health 542
The Multigenerational Family 542
Marital and Long-Term Relationships 543
Marriage 543
Widowhood 545
Divorce and Remarriage 545
Nonmarital Lifestyles and Relationships 546
Single Life 546
Cohabitation 547
Friendships 547
Nonmarital Kinship Ties 548
Relationships with Adult Children 548
Relationships with Siblings 549
summary and key terms 550
Window on the World Aging Stereotypes
Worldwide 534
Research in Action Technology and Aging in
Place 537
The End of Life
Steve Smith/Tetra images/Getty Images
chapter 19
Dealing with Death and
Bereavement 552
The Meaning of Death and Dying 553
The Cultural Context 553
The Mortality Revolution 553
Facing Death and Loss 555
Factors Preceding Death 555
Confronting One’s Own Death 557
Patterns of Grieving 558
Responses to Death across the Life Span 559
Significant Losses 563
Surviving a Spouse 563
Losing a Parent in Adulthood 564
Losing a Child 564
Mourning a Miscarriage 565
Medical, Legal, and Ethical Issues 565
Suicide 566
Hastening Death 567
Finding Meaning and Purpose in Life and
Death 571
Life Review 571
Development: A Lifelong Process 572
summary and key terms 572
Window on the World Cultural Variations in Funeral
Customs 554
Research in Action Cultural Influences on Children’s
Understanding of Death 560
McGraw Hill Psychology APA
Documentation Style Guide
Glossary G-1
Bibliography B-1
Name Index I-1
Subject Index I-28