Contents
Foreword ……………………………………………………………………………….xi
Preface …………………………………………………………………. xiii
Acknowledgments ……………………………………………xv
Editors ……………………………………………………xvii
Contributors ………………………………………………xix
Chapter 1 Emerging Ubiquity of Green Chemistry in Engineering and Technology………………. 1
Pavel Pazdera
Chapter 2 Introduction to Sonochemistry: A Historical and Conceptual Overview………………. 23
Giancarlo Cravotto and Pedro Cintas
Chapter 3 Aspects of Ultrasound and Materials Science…………………………………………………… 41
Andrew Cobley, Timothy J. Mason, Larisa Paniwnyk, and Veronica Saez
Chapter 4 Ultrasound-Assisted Particle Engineering………………………………………………………… 75
Anant Paradkar and Ravindra Dhumal
Chapter 5 Applications of Sonochemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences……………………………….. 97
Robina Farooq
Chapter 6 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Nanomaterials…………………………………………….. 105
Siamak Dadras, Mohammad Javad Torkamany, and Jamshid Sabbaghzadeh
Chapter 7 Ultrasound for Fruit and Vegetable Quality Evaluation…………………………………….. 129
Amos Mizrach
Chapter 8 Ultrasound in Food Technology…………………………………………………………………….. 163
Taner Baysal and Aslihan Demirdoven
Chapter 9 Use of Ultrasound in Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry…………………… 183
Boris Ildusovich Kharisov, Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova,
and Ubaldo Ortiz-Méndez
Chapter 10 Ultrasound in Synthetic Applications and Organic Chemistry………………………….. 213
Murlidhar S. Shingare and Bapurao B. Shingate
Chapter 11 Ultrasound in Synthetic Applications and Organic Chemistry…………………………..263
Rodrigo Cella
Chapter 12 Ultrasound Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry………………………………… 281
Mohammad Majid Mojtahedi and Mohammad Saeed Abaee
Chapter 13 Ultrasound-Assisted Anaerobic Digestion of Sludge………………………………………… 323
Ackmez Mudhoo and Sanjay K. Sharma
Chapter 14 Ultrasound Application in Analyses of Organic Pollutants in Environment………… 345
Senar Ozcan, Ali Tor, and Mehmet Emin Aydin
Chapter 15 Applications of Ultrasound in Water and Wastewater Treatment……………………….. 373
Dong Chen
Chapter 16 Ultrasound and Sonochemistry in the Treatment of Contaminated Soils
by Persistent Organic Pollutants…………………………………………………………………….. 407
Reena Amatya Shrestha, Ackmez Mudhoo, Thuy-Duong Pham,
and Mika Sillanpää
Chapter 17 Role of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Sonocatalytic Degradation of Organic
Pollutants in Wastewater………………………………………………………………………………. 419
Juan A. Melero, Fernando Martínez, Raul Molina, and Yolanda Segura
Chapter 18 Degradation of Organic Pollutants Using Ultrasound………………………………………. 447
Kandasamy Thangavadivel, Mallavarapu Megharaj, Ackmez Mudhoo,
and Ravi Naidu
Chapter 19 Applications of Ultrasound to Polymer Synthesis……………………………………………. 475
Boon Mian Teo, Franz Grieser, and Muthupandian Ashokkumar
Chapter 20 Mechanistic Aspects of Ultrasound-Enhanced Physical and Chemical Processes…… 501
Vijayanand S. Moholkar, Thirugnanasambandam Sivasankar,
and Venkata Swamy Nalajala
Chapter 21 Ultrasound-Assisted Industrial Synthesis and Processes…………………………………… 535
Cezar Augusto Bizzi, Edson Irineu Müller, Érico Marlon de Moraes Flores,
Fábio Andrei Duarte, Mauro Korn, Matheus Augusto Gonçalves Nunes,
Paola de Azevedo Mello, and Valderi Luiz Dressler
Chapter 22 Development of Sonochemical Reactor………………………………………………………….. 581
Keiji Yasuda and Shinobu Koda
Chapter 23 Ultrasound for Better Reactor Design: How Chemical Engineering Tools
Can Help Sonoreactor Characterization and Scale-Up……………………………………… 599
Jean-Yves Hihn, Marie-Laure Doche, Audrey Mandroyan, Loic Hallez,
and Bruno G. Pollet
Chapter 24 Sonoelectrochemistry: From Theory to Applications……………………………………….. 623
Bruno G. Pollet and Jean-Yves Hihn
Chapter 25 Combined Ultrasound–Microwave Technologies…………………………………………….. 659
Pedro Cintas, Giancarlo Cravotto, and Antonio Canals
Chapter 26 Integrating Ultrasound with Other Green Technologies: Toward Sustainable
Chemistry…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 675
Julien Estager
Preface
Following the establishment of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (Anastas and Warner, 1998), there has been a steady growth in our understanding of what green chemistry means. Green chemistry is a relatively young science in its own respect. Interest in this discipline is growing rapidly and is transgressing several cascading research areas in science, engineering, and technology (Sharma and Mudhoo, 2010). The understanding of the principles that backbone green chemistry has spurred many outstanding efforts to implement chemical processes and innovative technologies that are incrementally taking modern society toward safer and more sustainable practices and products that embody and foster environmental stewardship.
Sonochemistry is a branch of chemical research dealing with the chemical effects and applications of ultrasonic waves, i.e., longitudinal sound waves with frequencies above 20 kHz that lie beyond the upper limit of human hearing—although the range of ultrasonic frequencies can be extended up to 100 MHz (Cravotto and Cintas, 2006). Sonochemistry shares with sustainable chemistry such aims as the use of less hazardous chemicals and solvents, a reduced energy consumption, and an increased product selectivity (Cravotto and Cintas, 2006). In this regard, ultrasonic heating and irradiation are in many instances complementary techniques for driving chemical reactions with a higher efficiency and effectiveness. Ultrasound, an efficient and virtually innocuous means of activation in synthetic chemistry, has been employed for decades with varied successes (Cravotto and Cintas, 2006). Not only can this high-energy input enhance mechanical effects in heterogeneous processes, but it is also known to induce new reactivities leading to the formation of unexpected chemical species. Sonochemistry is unique in its remarkable phenomenon of cavitation, currently the subject of intense research, and has already produced interesting results.
Imaging techniques using echolocation, such as SONAR systems for target detection or echography in health care, represent perhaps the best-known use of ultrasound. Chemical applications extend to such varied areas as organic and organometallic chemistry, materials science, aerogels, water and wastewater treatment, food chemistry, and medicinal research (Cravotto and Cintas, 2006). The writing of this handbook has been undertaken because it was earnestly felt to bring forward an updated pool of the latest research and development findings that reasonably encompass a fair number of most relevant aspects linked to and linking green chemistry practices to environmental sustainability through the uses and applications of ultrasound-mediated and ultrasound-assisted biological, biochemical, chemical, and physical processes. In this handbook, a rich panoply of novel research findings and applications of ultrasonic radiation and sonochemistry have been presented. Several chapters have been presented in the following areas: medical applications, drug and gene delivery, nanotechnology, food technology, synthetic applications and organic chemistry, anaerobic digestion, pollutant degradation, polymer chemistry, industrial syntheses and processes, reactor design, electrochemical systems, and combined ultrasound−microwave technologies.
We sincerely hope this handbook provides a robust pool of knowledge on the green applications of sonochemistry. We also feel it provides up-to-date information on some selected fields of applied research of ultrasound where the principles of green chemistry are being embraced by the scientific, engineering, and technological communities for safeguarding and improving the quality of the environment and human life, at large. We also want to share that Professor Sanjay K. Sharma and A. Mudhoo have recently edited a book, Green Chemistry for Environmental Sustainability (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2010), which is an up-to-date and humble contribution to the literature on green chemistry.