Synthesis and Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers
by Ramazan Asmatulu and Waseem S. Khan
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to electrospun nanofibers……………………1
1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………1
1.1.1 What is Nanotechnology?…………………………………………… 1
1.1.2 What is Electrospinning?……………………………………………. 3
1.1.3 Conventional Fiber-Forming Techniques……………………… 5
1.1.4 Nanofiber-Forming Techniques…………………………………… 9
1.1.5 Nanomaterials …………………………………………………………. 11
1.1.6 Quantum Size Effect………………………………………………… 12
1.1.7 Surface and Interface Effects…………………………………….. 13
1.1.8 Characteristic Length Scale ………………………………………. 13
1.2 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………….14
References………………………………………………………………………… 14
Further Reading ………………………………………………………………… 15
CHAPTER 2 Historical background of the electrospinning
process……………………………………………………………… 17
2.1 Brief Historical Background ………………………………………………..17
2.2 Process Details and Experimental Design ……………………………..20
2.3 Shape of Fibers Produced by Electrospinning………………………..25
2.4 Electrospinning Parameters………………………………………………….27
2.4.1 System Parameters …………………………………………………… 27
2.4.2 Process Parameters…………………………………………………… 28
2.5 Fabrications of Aligned Electrospun Nanofibers ……………………29
2.5.1 Electrospinning With Rotating Drum…………………………. 30
2.5.2 Needleless Electrospinning……………………………………….. 31
2.5.3 Rotating Drum and Translating Spinneret ………………….. 32
2.5.4 Electrospinning With Rotating Electrodes ………………….. 32
2.6 Recent Developments in Electrospinning Methods ………………..33
2.6.1 Electrospinning Without Bending Instability………………. 33
2.6.2 Near-Field Electrospinning……………………………………….. 34
2.6.3 New Progress in Spinning Technology ………………………. 35
2.7 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………….36
References………………………………………………………………………… 37
CHAPTER 3 Electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery ……………… 41
3.1 Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery ……………………………41
3.1.1 Cancer and Treatment………………………………………………. 41
3.1.2 Electrospinning of Nanofibers …………………………………… 43
3.1.3 Nanofibers for Drug Delivery……………………………………. 44
3.2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Gene Delivery ……………………………51
3.3 Electrospun Nanofibers for DNA Delivery ……………………………53
3.4 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………….56
References………………………………………………………………………… 57
Further Reading ………………………………………………………………… 61
CHAPTER 4 Electrospun nanofibers for textiles ………………………. 63
4.1 Superhydrophobic Electrospun Nanofibers for
Nonwettable Surfaces………………………………………………………….63
4.1.1 Jet Formation in Electrospinning……………………………….. 63
4.1.2 Electrospinning of Nanofibers …………………………………… 65
4.1.3 Theory of Superhydrophobicity…………………………………. 69
4.1.4 Superhydrophobic Nanofibers …………………………………… 71
4.2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Metamaterials and Light
and Noise Sensitivity ………………………………………………………….74
4.3 Electrospun Nanofibers for Fire-Retardant Fabrics…………………78
4.4 Electrospun Nanofibers for Protective Clothing …………………….81
4.5 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………….82
References………………………………………………………………………… 83
CHAPTER 5 Electrospun nanofibers for agriculture
and food industries …………………………………………….. 89
5.1 Nanofibers for Agricultural Applications ………………………………89
5.1.1 Electrospinning of Nanofibers …………………………………… 89
5.1.2 Agricultural Applications of Nanofibers …………………….. 92
5.2 Preparation of Protective Clothes for Farm Workers………………98
5.3 Nanofibers for the Food Industry and Food Packaging …………100
5.3.1 Electrospinning for the Food Industry………………………. 100
5.3.2 Electrospinning for the Packaging Industry ………………. 103
5.3.3 Electrospinning for the Filtration of Beverage
Products ………………………………………………………………… 104
5.4 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..105
References………………………………………………………………………. 105
Further Reading ………………………………………………………………. 109
CHAPTER 6 Electrospun nanofibers for energy applications ….. 111
6.1 Nanotechnology in Energy Generation………………………………..111
6.2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Battery Membranes …………………..112
6.3 Electrospun Nanofibers for Supercapacitors ………………………..116
6.4 Electrospun Nanofibers for Energy Conversions ………………….119
6.4.1 Electrospun Nanofibers for Solar Cells…………………….. 119
6.4.2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Fuel Cells ……………………… 124
6.4.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Based on Electrospun
Metal Oxides …………………………………………………………. 128
6.5 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..128
References………………………………………………………………………. 129
CHAPTER 7 Electrospun nanofibers for filtration
applications……………………………………………………… 135
7.1 Nanotechnology in Filtration ……………………………………………..135
7.2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Wet Filtration …………………………..140
7.3 Electrospun Nanofibers for Dry Filtration……………………………146
7.4 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..148
References………………………………………………………………………. 149
CHAPTER 8 Electrospun nanofibers for catalyst applications…. 153
8.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………..153
8.2 Hydrogen Production ………………………………………………………..156
8.2.1 Hydrogen Production by Solar Energy …………………….. 157
8.2.2 Hydrogen Production by Photocatalytic Activity ………. 158
8.3 Basis of Photocatalytic Water Splitting……………………………….159
8.3.1 Photoelectrolysis ……………………………………………………. 163
8.4 Electrospun Fibers Embedded With Nanocatalyst
for Water Splitting ……………………………………………………………164
8.5 Electrospun Nanofibers in Hydrogen Storage ………………………168
8.6 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..170
References………………………………………………………………………. 171
CHAPTER 9 Electrospun nanofibers for nanosensor
and biosensor applications ……………………………….. 175
9.1 Electrospun Nanofibers for Nanosensors……………………………..175
9.1.1 General Background ………………………………………………. 175
9.1.2 Electrospinning for Nanofibers………………………………… 177
9.1.3 Electrospun Nanofibers for Nanosensors ………………….. 178
9.2 Nanofibers for Biosensors………………………………………………….183
9.2.1 Biosensors …………………………………………………………….. 183
9.2.2 Nanofibers for Biosensors……………………………………….. 183
9.2.3 Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers
for Biosensors ……………………………………………………….. 185
9.2.4 Polyaniline-Based Nanofibers for Biosensors……………. 189
9.3 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..191
References………………………………………………………………………. 192
CHAPTER 10 Toxicity of nanofibers and recent developments
in protections …………………………………………………… 197
10.1 Nanomaterials…………………………………………………………………..197
10.2 Nanofibers ……………………………………………………………………….199
10.3 Surface Interaction of Nanofibers……………………………………….201
10.3.1 Physical Interaction of Nanofibers …………………………. 201
10.3.2 Chemical Interaction of Nanofibers ……………………….. 203
10.4 Carbon-Based Nanofibers ………………………………………………….206
10.5 Protection Methods of Nanofibers ………………………………………208
10.6 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..211
References………………………………………………………………………. 212
CHAPTER 11 Electrospun nanofibers for tissue engineering ……. 215
11.1 Electrospun Nanofibers for Wound Healing ………………………..215
11.1.1 General Background …………………………………………….. 215
11.1.2 Nanofibers With Antibacterial Activity ………………….. 218
11.2 Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering……………………219
11.2.1 Applications of Synthetic Polymers in Scaffolds……… 221
11.2.2 Applications of Natural Polymers in Scaffolds………… 223
11.3 Electrospun Nanofibers for Bone Tissue Engineering …………..225
11.4 Electrospun Nanofibers for Dental Growth………………………….227
11.5 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..231
References………………………………………………………………………. 231
Further Reading ………………………………………………………………. 237
CHAPTER 12 Electrospun nanofibers for photonics
and electronics applications……………………………… 239
12.1 Electrospun Nanofibers for Photonic and Light-Emitting
Sources ……………………………………………………………………………239
12.2 Nanofiber-Based Light-Emitting Systems……………………………241
12.2.1 Quantum Dot- and Dye-Doped Electrospun
Nanofibers …………………………………………………………… 241
12.2.2 Nanofibers Embedded With Bio-Chromophores ……… 242
12.2.3 Nanofibers Fabricated by Conjugated Polymers………. 243
12.2.4 Luminescent Nanofiber Arrays………………………………. 245
12.3 Electrically Conductive Electrospun Nanofibers…………………..245
12.4 Thermally Conductive Electrospun Nanofibers ……………………248
12.5 Electrospun Magnetic Nanofibers……………………………………….249
12.6 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..252
References………………………………………………………………………. 253
CHAPTER 13 Characterization of electrospun nanofibers ………… 257
13.1 Structural Characterization of Electrospun Nanofibers………….257
13.1.1 Electrospinning Nanofibers …………………………………… 257
13.1.2 XRD Characterization…………………………………………… 259
13.1.3 SEM Characterization …………………………………………… 263
13.1.4 TEM Characterization…………………………………………… 263
13.2 AFM Characterization……………………………………………………….266
13.3 Optical Spectroscopy…………………………………………………………267
13.3.1 FTIR Characterization ………………………………………….. 267
13.3.2 Raman Spectroscopy…………………………………………….. 270
13.4 Other Characterizations of Nanofibers ………………………………..271
13.4.1 DSC Characterization …………………………………………… 271
13.4.2 TGA Characterization …………………………………………… 273
13.4.3 XPS Characterization……………………………………………. 275
13.4.4 UV_Vis Spectroscopy………………………………………….. 276
13.4.5 VSM Characterization ………………………………………….. 277
13.5 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………..279
References………………………………………………………………………. 279
Index ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….283