Essentials Of Physical Anthropology, Tenth Edition
By Robert Jurmain, Lynn Kilgore, Wenda Trevathan and Eric J. Bartelink
Contents:
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Supplements xvi
Chapter 1
Introduction to Physical
Anthropology 2
The Human Connection 6
Biocultural Evolution 6
What Is Anthropology? 10
Cultural Anthropology 11
Linguistic Anthropology 11
Archaeology 11
Physical Anthropology 12
Applied Anthropology 19
Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method 19
The Anthropological Perspective 21
Why It Matters 22
Physical Anthropology in Practice Forensic
Anthropology in the Twenty-First Century 22
Summary of Main Topics 23
Critical Thinking Questions 23
Chapter 2
The Development of Evolutionary
Theory 24
A Brief History of Evolutionary Thought 26
The Scientific Revolution 28
Precursors to the Theory of Evolution 29
The Discovery of Natural Selection 33
In Darwin’s Shadow 37
Natural Selection 38
Natural Selection in Action 39
Quick Review The Mechanism of Natural
Selection 41
Natural Selection and Reproductive Success 41
Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary
Theory 42
Opposition to Evolution Today 43
A Brief History of Opposition to Evolution in the
United States 43
Why It Matters 46
Physical Anthropology in Practice Are We still
Evolving? 46
Summary of Main Topics 47
Critical Thinking Questions 47
Chapter 3
The Biological Basis of Life 48
Cells 50
From DNA to Protein 52
DNA Structure 52
DNA Replication 53
Protein Synthesis 54
What Is a Gene? 57
Regulatory Genes 58
Quick Review Coding and Noncoding DNA 59
Cell Division 59
Chromosomes 60
Mitosis 62
Meiosis 62
New Frontiers 66
Why It Matters 69
Physical Anthropology in Practice Solving Crimes:
Forensics and DNA 70
Summary of Main Topics 70
Critical Thinking Questions 71
Chapter 4
Heredity and Evolution 72
The Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel 75
Segregation 76
Dominance and Recessiveness 77
Independent Assortment 78
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans 79
Misconceptions about Dominance and
Recessiveness 81
Polygenic Inheritance 81
Quick Review Mendelian vs. Polygenic Traits 83
Genetic and Environmental Factors 84
Mitochondrial Inheritance 84
Modern Evolutionary Theory 85
The Modern Synthesis 85
A Current Definition of Evolution 85
Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation 86
Mutation 86
Gene Flow 86
Genetic Drift and Founder Effect 87
Recombination 89
Natural Selection Is Directional and Acts on
Variation 90
Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors 92
Why It Matters 93
Physical Anthropology in Practice Tracing Your
Genetic Lineage 94
Summary of Main Topics 94
Critical Thinking Questions 95
Chapter 5
Processes of Macroevolution 96
How We Connect: Discovering the Human Place in the Organic World 98
Principles of Classification 100
Constructing Classifications and Interpreting
Evolutionary Relationships 101
Comparing Evolutionary Systematics with Cladistics 101
An Example of Cladistic Analysis: The
Evolutionary History of Cars and Trucks 102
Using Cladistics to Interpret Organisms 103
Definition of Species 105
Interpreting Species and Other Groups in the
Fossil Record 106
Recognition of Fossil Species 107
Recognition of Fossil Genera 108
What Are Fossils and How Do They Form? 109
Vertebrate Evolutionary History: A Brief
Summary 111
Mammalian Evolution 113
The Emergence of Major Mammalian Groups 115
Processes of Macroevolution 115
Adaptive Radiation 115
Generalized and Specialized Characteristics 116
Working Together: Microevolution and Macroevolution 117
Why It Matters 118
Physical Anthropology in Practice How Do Fossils Form? 118
Summary of Main Topics 119
Critical Thinking Questions 119
Chapter 6
An Overview of the Primates 120
Primate Characteristics 122
Limbs and Locomotion 123
Dentition and Diet 124
The Senses and the Brain 124
Maturation, Learning, and Behavior 126
Primate Adaptations 126
Evolutionary Factors 126
Geographical Distribution and Habitats 127
Diet and Teeth 130
Locomotion 131
Primate Classification 132
A Survey of the Living Primates 134
Lemurs and Lorises 134
Tarsiers 136
Anthropoids: Monkeys, Apes, and Humans 137
Hominoids: Apes and Humans 142
Endangered Primates 150
The Bushmeat Trade 154
Why It Matters 156
Physical Anthropology in Practice Where Do
Humans Fit in the Primate Lineage? 156
Summary of Main Topics 157
Critical Thinking Questions 157
Chapter 7
Primate Behavior 158
The Evolution of Behavior 160
Some Factors That Influence Social
Structure 162
Why Be Social? 164
Quick Review Primate Social Strategies 165
Primate Social Strategies 166
Dominance 166
Communication 167
Aggressive Interactions 168
Affiliation and Altruism 170
Reproduction and Reproductive Behaviors 172
Female and Male Reproductive Strategies 173
Sexual Selection 174
Is Infanticide a Reproductive Strategy? 175
Mothers, Fathers, and Infants 176
Primate Cultural Behavior 178
Language 182
The Evolution of Language 185
Quick Review Evolution of Human Language 185
The Primate Continuum 186
Why It Matters 187
Physical Anthropology in Practice Does Culture
Exist in Nonhuman Primates? 188
Summary of Main Topics 188
Critical Thinking Questions 189
Chapter 8
Primate and Hominin Origins 190
Early Primate Evolution 192
Eocene Primates: Closer Connections to Living
Primates 192
Oligocene Primates: Anthropoid
Connections 194
Miocene Fossil Hominoids: Closer Connections
to Apes and Humans 195
Understanding the Human Connection to Other
Primates: Biocultural Evolution 198
Discovering Human Evolution: The Science of
Paleoanthropology 199
Early Hominin Tools 200
Connecting the Dots through Time:
Paleoanthropological Dating Methods 201
Contents Understanding Our Direct Evolutionary Connections:
What’s a Hominin? 203
What’s in a Name? 204
Walking the Walk: The Bipedal Adaptation 205
The Mechanics of Walking on Two Legs 206
Digging for Connections: Early Hominins from Africa 209
Quick Review Key Pre-Australopith Discoveries 210
Pre-Australopiths (6+–4.4 mya) 210
Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya) 215
Later More Derived Australopiths (3–1.2 mya) 219
New Connections: A Transitional Australopith? 223
Closer Connections: Early Homo (2+–1.4 mya) 224
Interpretations: What Does It All Mean? 227
Seeing the Big Picture: Adaptive Patterns of Early
African Hominins 228
Why It Matters 229
Physical Anthropology in Practice The Piltdown Controversy 230
Summary of Main Topics 230
What’s Important Key Early Hominin Fossil
Discoveries from Africa 231
Critical Thinking Questions 231
Chapter 9
The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries 232
A New Kind of Hominin 234
The Morphology of Homo erectus 235
Body Size 235
Brain Size 235
Cranial Shape 238
The Geographical Range of Homo erectus 239
The First Homo erectus: Homo erectus from
Africa 239
Quick Review Homo erectus Discoveries from
Africa 241
Who Were the Earliest African Emigrants? 241
Homo erectus from Indonesia 243
Homo erectus from China 244
Quick Review Key Homo Erectus Discoveries from
Asia 246
Asian and African Homo erectus:
A Comparison 247
Later Homo erectus from Europe 248
Quick Review Key Homo Erectus and
Contemporaneous Discoveries from Europe 249
Technological Trends During the Time of Homo erectus 249
Seeing the Connections: Interpretations of Homo erectus 250
Why It Matters 251
Physical Anthropology in Practice Evidence for Meat Consumption in Homo erectus? 252
Summary of Main Topics 252
What’s Important Key Fossil Discoveries of Homo erectus 253
Critical Thinking Questions 253
Chapter 10
Premodern Humans 254
When, Where, and What 256
The Pleistocene 256
Dispersal of Middle Pleistocene Hominins 257
Middle Pleistocene Hominins: Terminology 258
Premodern Humans of the Middle Pleistocene 259
Africa 259
Quick Review Key Premodern Human
(H. heidelbergensis) Fossils from Africa 260
Europe 260
Quick Review Key Premodern Human
(H. heidelbergensis) Fossils from Europe 261
Asia 261
Quick Review Key Premodern Human
(H. heidelbergensis) Fossils from Asia 264
A Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution 264
Middle Pleistocene Culture 265
Neandertals: Premodern Humans of the Late
Pleistocene 266
Western Europe 269
Central Europe 270
Western Asia 272
Central Asia 273
Quick Review Key Neandertal Fossil Discoveries 274
Culture of Neandertals 274
Technology 275
Subsistence 275
Speech and Symbolic Behavior 276
Burials 277
Molecular Connections: The Genetic Evidence 277
Neandertal DNA 278
Seeing Close Human Connections: Understanding
Premodern Humans 279
Why It Matters 282 Physical Anthropology in Practice What Did the
Neandertals Eat? 282
Summary of Main Topics 283
What’s Important Key Fossil Discoveries of
Premodern Humans 283
Critical Thinking Questions 283
Chapter 11
The Origin and Dispersal of Modern
Humans 284
Approaches to Understanding Modern Human
Origins 287
The Regional Continuity Model: Multiregional
Evolution 287
Replacement Models 287
The Earliest Discoveries of Modern Humans 290
Africa 290
The Near East 293
Asia 294
Quick Review Key Early Modern Homo sapiens
Discoveries from Africa and the Near East 295
Australia 297
Central Europe 298
Western Europe 300
Quick Review Key Early Modern Homo sapiens
Discoveries from Europe and Asia 301
Something New and Different: The “Little People” 302
Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic 304
Europe 304
Africa 307
Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture 309
Why It Matters 309
Physical Anthropology in Practice Why Aren’t
Modern Humans Genetically Diverse? 310
Summary of Main Topics 310
What’s Important Key Fossil Discoveries of Early
Modern Humans and Homo floresiensis 311
Critical Thinking Questions 311
Contents Cha p t e r 12
Human Variation and
Adaptation 312
Historical Views of Human Variation 314
The Concept of Race 315
Contemporary Interpretations of Human
Variation 318
Human Polymorphisms 319
Polymorphisms at the DNA Level 319
Human Biocultural Evolution 320
Population Genetics 323
The Adaptive Significance of Human Variation 323
Solar Radiation and Skin Color 324
The Thermal Environment 329
High Altitude 332
Infectious Disease 334
The Continuing Impact of Infectious
Disease 335
Why It Matters 339
Physical Anthropology in Practice Do Forensic
Anthropologists Estimate Race? 339
Summary of Main Topics 340
Critical Thinking Questions 341
Chapter 13
Legacies of Human Evolutionary
History: Effects on the Life Course 342
Evolved Biology and Contemporary Lifestyles—Is there a Mismatch? 344
Biocultural Evolution and the Life Course 345
Diet and Nutrition through the Life Course 346
Too Much and Too Little 348
Other Factors Influencing Growth and
Development: Genes, Environment, and Hormones 350
Life History Theory and the Human Life Course 352
Pregnancy, Birth, Infancy, and Childhood 353
Onset of Reproductive Function in Humans 356
Decline in Reproductive Function 357
Aging and Longevity 358
Are We Still Evolving? 361
Why It Matters 362
Physical Anthropology in Practice Did the
Paleolithic Diet Really Exist? 362
Summary of Main Topics 363
Critical Thinking Questions 363
Chapter 14
The Human Disconnection 364
Human Impact on the Planet and on Other
Life-Forms 366
Humans and the Impact of Culture 367
Public Perceptions of Climate Change 369
Earth’s Shrinking Polar Ice 370
Impact on Biodiversity 374
Acceleration of Evolutionary Processes 376
Looking for Solutions 377
Is There Any Good News? 379
Why It Matters 380
Physical Anthropology in Practice Is There Really
an Anthropocene? 380
Summary of Main Topics 380
Critical Thinking Questions 381
A p p e n d i x A
Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy 382
A p p e n d i x B
Summary of Early Hominin Fossil Finds from
Africa 390
A p p e n d i x C
Population Genetics 395
A p p e n d i x D
Sexing and Aging the Skeleton 398
Glossary 403
Bibliography 412
Index 428