Integrated Principles Of Zoology, Nineteenth Edition
By Cleveland P. Hickman, Susan L. Keen, David J. Eisenhour, Allan Larson and Helen I’anson
Contents:
About the Authors ix
Preface x
P A R T O N E
Introduction to Living Animals
CHAPTER 1
Life: Biological Principles and the Science
of Zoology 1
1.1 Fundamental Properties of Life 2
1.2 Zoology as a Part of Biology 9
1.3 Principles of Science 9
1.4 Theories of Evolution and Heredity 13
Summary 18
CHAPTER 2
The Origin and Chemistry of Life 20
2.1 Water and Life 21
2.2 Macromolecules 23
2.3 Chemical Evolution 26
2.4 Origin of Living Systems 29
2.5 Precambrian Life 31
Summary 34
CHAPTER 3
Cells as Units of Life 36
3.1 Cell Concept 37
3.2 Organization of Cells 39
3.3 Membrane Function 46
3.4 Mitosis and Cell Division 51
Summary 54
CHAPTER 4
Cellular Metabolism 57
4.1 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 58
4.2 The Role of Enzymes 59
4.3 Enzyme Regulation 61
4.4 Chemical Energy Transfer by Atp 62
4.5 Cellular Respiration 63
4.6 Metabolism of Lipids 69
4.7 Metabolism of Proteins 70
Summary 71
P A R T T W O
Continuity and Evolution
of Animal Life
CHAPTER 5
Genetics: A Review 73
5.1 Mendel’s Investigations 74
5.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 74
5.3 Mendelian Laws of Inheritance 79
5.4 Gene Theory 88
5.5 Storage and Transfer of Genetic Information 88
5.6 Gene Mutations 98
5.7 Molecular Genetics of Cancer 99
Summary 99
CHAPTER 6
Organic Evolution 103
6.1 Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory 104
6.2 Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: the Evidence 107
6.3 Revisions of Darwin’s Theory 125
6.4 Microevolution: Genetic Variation and Change Within Species 126
6.5 Macroevolution: Major Evolutionary Events 132
Summary 134
CHAPTER 7
The Reproductive Process 137
7.1 Nature of the Reproductive Process 138
7.2 The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells 142
7.3 Reproductive Patterns 146
7.4 Structure of Reproductive Systems 147
7.5 Endocrine Events that Orchestrate Reproduction 149
Summary 156
CHAPTER 8
Principles of Development 158
8.1 Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis 159
8.2 Fertilization 160
8.3 Cleavage and Early Development 163
8.4 An Overview of Development Following Cleavage 165
8.5 Mechanisms of Development 168
8.6 Gene Expression During Development 170
8.7 Developmental Patterns in Animals 173
8.8 Evolutionary Developmental Biology 178
8.9 Vertebrate Development 178
8.10 Development of Systems and Organs 181
Summary 185
P A R T T H R E E
Diversity of Animal Life
CHAPTER 9
Architectural Pattern of an Animal 187
9.1 Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity 188
9.2 Animal Body Plans 189
9.3 Components of Animal Bodies 193
9.4 Complexity and Body Size 198
Summary 199
CHAPTER 10
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 201
10.1 Linnaeus and Taxonomy 202
10.2 Species 204
10.3 Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction 209
10.4 Theories of Taxonomy 211
10.5 Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom 218
Summary 218
CHAPTER 11
Unicellular Eukaryotes 220
11.1 Naming and Identifying Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa 221
11.2 Form and Function 223
11.3 Nutrition and Digestion 230
11.4 Excretion and Osmoregulation 232
11.5 Reproduction and Life Cycles 232
11.6 Major Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa 233
11.7 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 248
Summary 250
CHAPTER 12
Sponges and Placozoans 253
12.1 Origin of Animals 254
12.2 Phylum Porifera: Sponges 254
12.3 Form and Function in Sponges 257
12.4 Survey of Sponges 261
12.5 Phylum Placozoa 265
Summary 266
CHAPTER 13
Cnidarians and Ctenophores 268
13.1 Phylum Cnidaria 269
13.2 Form and Function 270
13.3 Survey of Cnidarians 274
13.4 Phylum Ctenophora 291
13.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 294
Summary 296
CHAPTER 14
Xenacoelomorpha, Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha,
Gnathifera, and Mesozoa 298
14.1 Phylum Xenacoelomorpha 299
14.2 Clades Within Protostomia 301
14.3 Phylum Platyhelminthes 301
14.4 Phylum Gastrotricha 317
14.5 Clade Gnathifera 318
14.6 Phylum Gnathostomulida 318
14.7 Phylum Chaetognatha 319
14.8 Phylum Micrognathozoa 320
14.9 Phylum Rotifera 320
14.10 Phylum Acanthocephala 323
14.11 Phylum Mesozoa 324
14.12 Phylogeny 326
Summary 326
CHAPTER 15
Polyzoa and Trochozoa 329
15.1 Clade Polyzoa 331
15.2 Phylum Cycliophora 331
15.3 Phylum Entoprocta 331
15.4 Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) 332
15.5 Clade Trochozoa 335
15.6 Clade Brachiozoa 335
15.7 Phylum Brachiopoda 335
15.8 Phylum Phoronida 336
15.9 Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) 337
15.10 Phylogeny 339
Summary 340
CHAPTER 16
Molluscs 342
16.1 Molluscs 343
16.2 Form and Function 345
16.3 Classes of Molluscs 348
16.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 368
Summary 371
CHAPTER 17
Annelids 373
17.1 Phylum Annelida, Including Pogonophorans (Siboglinids),
Sipunculans, and Echiurans 375
17.2 Errantia 378
17.3 Sedentaria 380
17.4 Clade Clitellata 385
17.5 Evolutionary Significance of a Coelom and Metamerism 392
17.6 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 392
Summary 393
CHAPTER 18
Smaller Ecdysozoans 395
18.1 Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms 396
18.2 Phylum Nematomorpha 404
18.3 Phylum Loricifera 405
18.4 Phylum Kinorhyncha 405
18.5 Phylum Priapulida 406
18.6 Clade Panarthropoda 407
18.7 Phylum Onychophora 407
18.8 Phylum Tardigrada 408
18.9 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 410
Summary 411
CHAPTER 19
Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 413
19.1 Phylum Arthropoda 414
19.2 Subphylum Trilobita 417
19.3 Subphylum Chelicerata 418
19.4 Subphylum Myriapoda 426
19.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 429
Summary 430
CHAPTER 20
Crustaceans 432
20.1 Subphylum Crustacea 434
20.2 A Brief Survey of Crustaceans 442
20.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 450
Summary 452
CHAPTER 21
Hexapods 454
21.1 Classes Entognatha and Insecta 455
21.2 External Form and Function 455
21.3 Internal Form and Function 461
21.4 Metamorphosis and Growth 468
21.5 Behavior and Defense 470
21.6 Insects and Human Welfare 474
21.7 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification 480
Summary 481
CHAPTER 22
Echinoderms and Hemichordates 484
22.1 Clade Ambulacraria 485
22.2 Phylum Echinodermata 486
22.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification of Echinoderms 501
22.4 Phylum Hemichordata 503
22.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification of Hemichordates 506
Summary 507
CHAPTER 23
Chordates 509
23.1 Ancestry and Evolution of the Chordates 510
23.2 Five Chordate Characteristics 513
23.3 Subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) 515
23.4 Subphylum Cephalochordata 517
23.5 Subphylum Vertebrata 518
Summary 525
CHAPTER 24
Fishes 527
24.1 Ancestry and Relationships of Major Groups of Fishes 528
24.2 Cyclostomata: Living Jawless Fishes 528
24.3 Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes 534
24.4 Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes and Tetrapods 538
24.5 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Fishes 542
Summary 552
CHAPTER 25
Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 555
25.1 Devonian Origin of Tetrapods 556
25.2 Temnospondyls and Modern Amphibians 558
25.3 Caecilians: Order Gymnophiona (Apoda) 560
25.4 Salamanders: Order Urodela (Caudata) 560
25.5 Frogs and Toads: Order Anura (Salientia) 563
Summary 572
CHAPTER 26
Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 574
26.1 Origin and Early Evolution of Amniotes 575
26.2 Changes in Traditional Classification of Reptiles 580
26.3 Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Groups 580
Summary 594
CHAPTER 27
Birds 596
27.1 Origin And Relationships 597
27.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations for Flight 600
27.3 Flight 608
27.4 Migration and Navigation 611
27.5 Social Behavior and Reproduction 613
27.6 Bird Populations and their Conservation 616
Summary 620
CHAPTER 28
Mammals 623
28.1 Origin and Evolution of Mammals 624
28.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Mammals 627
P A R T F O U R
Activity of Life
CHAPTER 29
Support, Protection, and Movement 652
29.1 Integument 653
29.2 Skeletal Systems 656
29.3 Animal Movement 662
Summary 671
CHAPTER 30
Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and
Temperature Regulation 673
30.1 Water and Osmotic Regulation 674
30.2 Invertebrate Excretory Structures 678
30.3 Vertebrate Kidney 680
30.4 Temperature Regulation 686
Summary 690
CHAPTER 31
Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration 693
31.1 Internal Fluid Environment 694
31.2 Composition of Blood 695
31.3 Circulation 697
31.4 Respiration 705
Summary 713
Table of Contents vii
28.3 Mammals and their Environments 639
28.4 Humans and Mammals 641
28.5 Human Evolution 642
Summary 650
CHAPTER 32
Digestion and Nutrition 715
32.1 Feeding Mechanisms 716
32.2 Digestion 719
32.3 Organization and Regional Function of Alimentary Canals 721
32.4 Regulation of Food Intake 726
32.5 Nutritional Requirements 728
Summary 730
CHAPTER 33
Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense
Organs 733
33.1 Neurons: Functional Units of Nervous Systems 734
33.2 Synapses: Junctions Between Nerves 738
33.3 Evolution of Nervous Systems 740
33.4 Sense Organs 746
Summary 757
CHAPTER 34
Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 759
34.1 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 760
34.2 Invertebrate Hormones 762
34.3 Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Hormones 764
Summary 774
CHAPTER 35
Immunity 777
35.1 Susceptibility and Resistance 778
35.2 Innate Defense Mechanisms 778
35.3 Immunity in Invertebrates 783
35.4 Acquired Immune Response in Vertebrates 783
35.5 Blood Group Antigens 789
Summary 790
CHAPTER 36
Animal Behavior 792
36.1 Describing Behavior: Principles of Classical Ethology 794
36.2 Control of Behavior 795
36.3 Social Behavior 799
Summary 808
P A R T F I V E
Animals and Their Environments
CHAPTER 37
Animal Distributions 811
37.1 Principles of Historical Biogeography 812
37.2 Distribution of Life on Earth 818
Summary 829
CHAPTER 38
Animal Ecology 831
38.1 The Hierarchy of Ecology 832
38.2 Populations 833
38.3 Community Ecology 837
38.4 Ecosystems 842
38.5 Extinction And Biodiversity 845
Summary 849
Appendix A: Cladogram of All Animal Phyla A-1
Appendix B: Timeline of Major Biological Events B-1
Glossary G-1
Index I-1
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