American Foreign Relations: A History, Volume 2: Since 1895, 8th Edition
By Thomas G. Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, Robert Brigham, Michael Donoghue, Kenneth J. Hagan, Deborah Kisatsky and Shane J. Maddock
Contents:
Preface xv
1 l111perialist Leap, 189 5-1900 I
D1 PLO MAT IC CROSSROAD TheM,Line, McKinley,
and War, I 898 2
The Venezuelan Crisis of 1895 5
American Men of Empire 9
Each in His Own Way: Cleveland and McKinley Confront
Cuba Libre, 1895-1898 11
W a AT IF ••• Spain had granted independence to Cuba in 1898? 15
The Spanish-An erican-Cuban-Filipino War 17
Men versus” Aunties”; The Debate over Empire in the
United States 20
Imperial Collisions in Asia: The Philippine Insurrection and the Open
Door in China 22
The Elbows of a World Power, 189 5-1900 29
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1895-1900 31
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 32
2 Managing, Policing, and Extending tl1e Empire,
1900-1914 35
DI r Lo MAT I c CR o s s Ro AD Severing Panama from Colombia for
the Canal, 1903 36
Architects of Empire 41
Cuba’s Limited Independence under· the Platt Amendment 45
The Constable of the Caribbean: The Roosevelt Corollary, Venezuela,
and the Dominican Republic 47
Bringing Yankee Order to Haiti and Nicaragua 49
Resisting Revolution in Mexico 52
Japan, China, and Dollar Diplomacy in Asia 56
The Anglo-American Rapprochement, New Empire Building,
and “Monstrous Shadows” 60
W n AT I F .• • manliness and civilization had not become linked in
the minds of American leaders in the period 1900-1917? 6 7
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1900-1914 68
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 70
3 War, Peace, and Revolution in the Time
of Wilson, 1914-1920 74
DIPLOMATIC CROSS ROAD TheSinkingoftheLusillmifl, 1915 75
The Travails of Neutrality in a World at War 80
Submarines, Neutral Rights, and Mediation Efforts 83
Wilson’s C hoices Lead America into the World War 86
The Debate over Preparedness 89
The Doughboys Make a Difference in Europe 92
The Fourteen Points and a Contentious Peace Conference 95
Principle, Personality, Health, and Partisanship: The League Fight 99
WnAT IF .• • the president had accepted Senate reservations
and the United States had joined the League of Nations
in 1919-1920? 104
Red Scare at !Home and Abroad: Bolshevism
and Intervention in Russia 105
The Whispering Gallery of Global Disorder 109
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1914-1920 111
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 113
4 Descending into Europe’s Maelstrom, 1920-19 3 9 116
DIPLOMAT IC CROSS ROAD Roosevelt Extends America’s Frontier
to the Rhine, 1939 117
“Prize Fighters with a Very Long R each”:T he Independent
Internationalists 120
Economic and Cultural Expansion in a Rickety World 126
Seekers of a World without War 13 l
Cold as Steel: Soviet-American Encounters 133
Hitler’s Germ.any, Appeasement, and the Outbreak ofWar l 37
American Jsolationi~m and Myopic Neutrality 139
W n AT IF •• • President Franklin D. Roosevelt had vetoed
the Neutrality Acts in the 1930s? 141
Roosevelt Shifts and Congress Balks on the Eve of War 143
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1920-1939 146
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 148
5 Asia, Latin America, and the Vagaries of Power,
1920-1939 152
DIPLOMAT IC CROSSROAD The Manchurian Crisis,
1931-1932 153
A Question oflnterests and Power 155
Facing Japan: The Washington Naval Disarmament Conference
and China 157
Japan’s Footsteps toward Pacific Hegemony 161
W n AT I P ••• Americans had not sympathized with China over
Japan after 1931? 165
Being “Neighborly” in Latin America 167
Creating “Frankenstein” Dictators in the Dominican Republic,
Nicaragua, and Haiti 171
Subverting Nationalism in Cuba and Puerto R ico 176
Acconm1odating Mexico 179
Pan Americanism, the Panama Canal., and Hemispheric Defense
on the Eve ofWar 181
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1920- 1939 183
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 185
6 Survival and Splieres: The Allies
and tlie Second World War, 19 3 9- 194 5 188
0 I PLO MAT I C CROSSROAD The Atlantic Charter Conference,
1941 189
Juggling between War and Peace, 1939- 1941 192
The Road to Pearl Harbor: Japanese- American
Relations, I 939-1941 197
The Big Three: Strategies and Fissures, 1941- 1943 202
W II AT I F ••• the Allies had openedl a second front
in France before 1944? 204
The China Maze 209
Byst:mders to the H olocaust 213
Plarming the Postwar Peace. 1943- 1945 216
Compromises at Yalta 220
To Each Lt., Own:Allied Divergence and Spheres
of Influence 224
The Potsdam Conference and the Legacy ofWodd War 11 228
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1939- 1945 231
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 234
1 An All-Embracing Struggle: Tire Cold War Begins,
1945-1950 238
DIPLOMAT IC CROSSROAD The Atomic Devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945 239
Truman, Stalin, and the U.S. -Soviet Clash 244
Challenging the Soviets in Eastern Europe 248
“Getting Tough”: Early Cold War Crises 251
W n AT IF •• • the United States and the Soviet Union had
reached an agreement in 1946 to prevent the spread of
atomic weapons? 256
“A Bolt of Lightning”:The Truman Doctrine, Israel,
and Containment 257
Europe Divided:The Marshall Plan, Germany, and NATO 260
Allies and Adversaries in Asia 265
The People’s Republic of China and U.S. Nonrecognition 269
A Cold War Culture Emerges 271
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1945- 1950 274
NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 278
8 Cold War Prism: The Korean War and Eisenl,ower-Dulles
Foreign Relations, 1950- 1961 283
DI PLOMATIC CROSSROAD The Decision to Intervene In the
Korean War, 1950 284
The Korean War and the “Trojan Horse” of American National
Security 286
“The Great Equation”: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy 292
Dulles, the New Look, and McCarthyism 296
The Glacier Grinds on: Eisenhower, Khrushchev,
and the Cold War 299
Missiles, Berlin, and the “Stupid U-2 Mess” 304
To the Brink ·with China, to the Market with Japan 309
Nationalism, Neutralism, and the Third World 313
“Batten Down the Hatches”: Reform and Resistance in the Middle
East and Latin America 318
WHAT IF • •• the United States had used diplomacy rather than
covert action to confront Third World nationalism during the
1950 s? 323
American Cultural Expansion and the Cold War 325
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1950-1961 329
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 332
10
Passing tlie Torch: Tlie Viebiam Years, 1961-1969
DIPLOMAT IC CROSSROAD TheTe tOITensivein Vietnam,
1968 338
Vietnamese Wars before 1961 342
Bear Any Burden? John F. Kennedy and His Foreign Policy Team 346
Arms Buildup, Berlin Crisis, and Nation-Building 349
The Most Dangerous Area in the World: The Cuban Revolution
and Latin America 354
Spinning Out of Control: The Cuban Missile Crisis 356
Laos.Vietnam, and the Kennedy Legacy 362
W n AT I P ••• John F. Kennedy had lived to make key decisions on
the Vietnam War? 366
Nose to Nose: Lyndon B.Johnson and the World 367
“The Biggest Damned Mess”:Johnson’s War 369
Hawks, Doves, Comrades, and Adversaries 375
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1961- 1969 378
NOTES TO CHAPTER 9 382
Dit.ente a11d Disequilibriu,n, 1969- 1981 386
D1 PLOMAT I C CROSSROAD Richard M. Nixon’s Trip
to China, 1972 387
Nixon, Kissinger, and Their Critics 390
Detente, SALT, and the Nuclear Anns R.ace 393
Regional Tails Wagging the Superpower Dogs:The Middle East 399
Thinking Globally: Relations with Latin America and Africa 403
Number One Challenged: Economic Competition, Environmental
Distress, and the North-South Debate 406
No Mere Footnote:Vietnam.ization, Cambodia, and a Wider War 41 l
The Peace Agreement, Withdrawal, and Defeat 414
The Lessons and Q uestions of Vietnam 417
Mixed Signal~: Carter’s Contradictory Course 421
Engaging the Third World: Latin America and Africa 423
Middle East Highs and Lows: Camp David and the
Iranian Hostage Cri~is 430
W o AT I F ••• the Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission had
Succeeded? 433
Detente’s Downfall: Soviet-American Rivalry, Afghanistan,
and the Carter Record 435
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1969- 1981 439
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 440
11 A New World Order? Reagan, Bush, and Clinton,
1981-2001 445
DIPLOMAT IC CROSSROAD The Berlin Wall Comes Down,
1989 446
Gorbachev and the Earthquakes of l 989-1991 447
Ronald Reagan’s Crusade to Revive American Hegemony 450
Soviet-American Crises and the Antinuclear Movement 454
Civil Wars and Interventionism: Central Americ.1 and the
Caribbean 458
Hornets’ Nests in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia 463
Indispensable Nation: Bush, Clinton, and the Post-Cold War
World 468
Russian Disintegration, German Reunification, NATO Expansion,
Balkan Hell 472
Hope and Tragedy in Africa 476
W n AT IF •• • the United States had killed Osama bin Laden
in August 1998? 479
Invasions and I mpJosions in Latin America 481
Mideast Imbroglios 485
Feuding and Trading w;th China, Vietnam, and Japan 489
Between Two Worlds: Reagan, Bush, Clinton, and the Legacies
of the Cold War 492
FURTHER REAIDING FOR THE PERIOD 1981- 2001 497
NOTES TO CHAPTER 11 501
12 Millennial A,nerica: Foreign Relations
since 2001 505
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD 9/llandAfter 506
Personalities Matter:The Bush and Obanui Foreign Policy Teams 509
Present at a New Creation:The War on Terror, Afghanistan,
and the Bush Doctrine 514
“Slam Dm1k”:J ustifying the Iraq War 518
Mission Accomplished~ The Invasion and Occupation of lraq 520
Containing Evil and Spreading Freedom:The Bush and Obama
Policies Toward the Middle East and Asia 529
Getting a Sense of Their Souls: Europe, Latin America, and Africa
in the Twenty- First Century 536
Transnational Challenges and Opportunities 543
Wu AT IF •• • Al Gore had become president in 2001? 546
Soft Power and America’s Place in the World 548
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD SINCE 2001 553
NOTES TO CHAPTER 12 555
Appendix: Makers of An1erican Foreign Relations 559
General Bibliography 563
General Reference Works 563
Overviews of Relations ,vith Countries, Regions, and Other Places
of the World, lncludingAdases and Gazetteers (A),Annual Surveys
and Chronologies (AS), Bibliographies (B), Biographical Aids (BA),
Chronologies (C), Encyclopedias and Dictionaries (E), and Statistics
(S) 565
Overviews of Subjects, JncludingAtL,ses (A),Annual Surveys (AS),
BibliogrAphies (B), Biographical Aids (BA), Chronologies (C),
Encyclopedias (E), and Statistics (S) 575
Index 581
D1 PLO MAT IC CROSSROAD TheM,Line, McKinley,
and War, I 898 2
The Venezuelan Crisis of 1895 5
American Men of Empire 9
Each in His Own Way: Cleveland and McKinley Confront
Cuba Libre, 1895-1898 11
W a AT IF ••• Spain had granted independence to Cuba in 1898? 15
The Spanish-An erican-Cuban-Filipino War 17
Men versus” Aunties”; The Debate over Empire in the
United States 20
Imperial Collisions in Asia: The Philippine Insurrection and the Open
Door in China 22
The Elbows of a World Power, 189 5-1900 29
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1895-1900 31
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 32
2 Managing, Policing, and Extending tl1e Empire,
1900-1914 35
DI r Lo MAT I c CR o s s Ro AD Severing Panama from Colombia for
the Canal, 1903 36
Architects of Empire 41
Cuba’s Limited Independence under· the Platt Amendment 45
The Constable of the Caribbean: The Roosevelt Corollary, Venezuela,
and the Dominican Republic 47
Bringing Yankee Order to Haiti and Nicaragua 49
Resisting Revolution in Mexico 52
Japan, China, and Dollar Diplomacy in Asia 56
The Anglo-American Rapprochement, New Empire Building,
and “Monstrous Shadows” 60
W n AT I F .• • manliness and civilization had not become linked in
the minds of American leaders in the period 1900-1917? 6 7
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1900-1914 68
NOTES TO CHAPTER 2 70
3 War, Peace, and Revolution in the Time
of Wilson, 1914-1920 74
DIPLOMATIC CROSS ROAD TheSinkingoftheLusillmifl, 1915 75
The Travails of Neutrality in a World at War 80
Submarines, Neutral Rights, and Mediation Efforts 83
Wilson’s C hoices Lead America into the World War 86
The Debate over Preparedness 89
The Doughboys Make a Difference in Europe 92
The Fourteen Points and a Contentious Peace Conference 95
Principle, Personality, Health, and Partisanship: The League Fight 99
WnAT IF .• • the president had accepted Senate reservations
and the United States had joined the League of Nations
in 1919-1920? 104
Red Scare at !Home and Abroad: Bolshevism
and Intervention in Russia 105
The Whispering Gallery of Global Disorder 109
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1914-1920 111
NOTES TO CHAPTER 3 113
4 Descending into Europe’s Maelstrom, 1920-19 3 9 116
DIPLOMAT IC CROSS ROAD Roosevelt Extends America’s Frontier
to the Rhine, 1939 117
“Prize Fighters with a Very Long R each”:T he Independent
Internationalists 120
Economic and Cultural Expansion in a Rickety World 126
Seekers of a World without War 13 l
Cold as Steel: Soviet-American Encounters 133
Hitler’s Germ.any, Appeasement, and the Outbreak ofWar l 37
American Jsolationi~m and Myopic Neutrality 139
W n AT IF •• • President Franklin D. Roosevelt had vetoed
the Neutrality Acts in the 1930s? 141
Roosevelt Shifts and Congress Balks on the Eve of War 143
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1920-1939 146
NOTES TO CHAPTER 4 148
5 Asia, Latin America, and the Vagaries of Power,
1920-1939 152
DIPLOMAT IC CROSSROAD The Manchurian Crisis,
1931-1932 153
A Question oflnterests and Power 155
Facing Japan: The Washington Naval Disarmament Conference
and China 157
Japan’s Footsteps toward Pacific Hegemony 161
W n AT I P ••• Americans had not sympathized with China over
Japan after 1931? 165
Being “Neighborly” in Latin America 167
Creating “Frankenstein” Dictators in the Dominican Republic,
Nicaragua, and Haiti 171
Subverting Nationalism in Cuba and Puerto R ico 176
Acconm1odating Mexico 179
Pan Americanism, the Panama Canal., and Hemispheric Defense
on the Eve ofWar 181
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1920- 1939 183
NOTES TO CHAPTER 5 185
6 Survival and Splieres: The Allies
and tlie Second World War, 19 3 9- 194 5 188
0 I PLO MAT I C CROSSROAD The Atlantic Charter Conference,
1941 189
Juggling between War and Peace, 1939- 1941 192
The Road to Pearl Harbor: Japanese- American
Relations, I 939-1941 197
The Big Three: Strategies and Fissures, 1941- 1943 202
W II AT I F ••• the Allies had openedl a second front
in France before 1944? 204
The China Maze 209
Byst:mders to the H olocaust 213
Plarming the Postwar Peace. 1943- 1945 216
Compromises at Yalta 220
To Each Lt., Own:Allied Divergence and Spheres
of Influence 224
The Potsdam Conference and the Legacy ofWodd War 11 228
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1939- 1945 231
NOTES TO CHAPTER 6 234
1 An All-Embracing Struggle: Tire Cold War Begins,
1945-1950 238
DIPLOMAT IC CROSSROAD The Atomic Devastation of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945 239
Truman, Stalin, and the U.S. -Soviet Clash 244
Challenging the Soviets in Eastern Europe 248
“Getting Tough”: Early Cold War Crises 251
W n AT IF •• • the United States and the Soviet Union had
reached an agreement in 1946 to prevent the spread of
atomic weapons? 256
“A Bolt of Lightning”:The Truman Doctrine, Israel,
and Containment 257
Europe Divided:The Marshall Plan, Germany, and NATO 260
Allies and Adversaries in Asia 265
The People’s Republic of China and U.S. Nonrecognition 269
A Cold War Culture Emerges 271
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1945- 1950 274
NOTES TO CHAPTER 7 278
8 Cold War Prism: The Korean War and Eisenl,ower-Dulles
Foreign Relations, 1950- 1961 283
DI PLOMATIC CROSSROAD The Decision to Intervene In the
Korean War, 1950 284
The Korean War and the “Trojan Horse” of American National
Security 286
“The Great Equation”: Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy 292
Dulles, the New Look, and McCarthyism 296
The Glacier Grinds on: Eisenhower, Khrushchev,
and the Cold War 299
Missiles, Berlin, and the “Stupid U-2 Mess” 304
To the Brink ·with China, to the Market with Japan 309
Nationalism, Neutralism, and the Third World 313
“Batten Down the Hatches”: Reform and Resistance in the Middle
East and Latin America 318
WHAT IF • •• the United States had used diplomacy rather than
covert action to confront Third World nationalism during the
1950 s? 323
American Cultural Expansion and the Cold War 325
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1950-1961 329
NOTES TO CHAPTER 8 332
10
Passing tlie Torch: Tlie Viebiam Years, 1961-1969
DIPLOMAT IC CROSSROAD TheTe tOITensivein Vietnam,
1968 338
Vietnamese Wars before 1961 342
Bear Any Burden? John F. Kennedy and His Foreign Policy Team 346
Arms Buildup, Berlin Crisis, and Nation-Building 349
The Most Dangerous Area in the World: The Cuban Revolution
and Latin America 354
Spinning Out of Control: The Cuban Missile Crisis 356
Laos.Vietnam, and the Kennedy Legacy 362
W n AT I P ••• John F. Kennedy had lived to make key decisions on
the Vietnam War? 366
Nose to Nose: Lyndon B.Johnson and the World 367
“The Biggest Damned Mess”:Johnson’s War 369
Hawks, Doves, Comrades, and Adversaries 375
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1961- 1969 378
NOTES TO CHAPTER 9 382
Dit.ente a11d Disequilibriu,n, 1969- 1981 386
D1 PLOMAT I C CROSSROAD Richard M. Nixon’s Trip
to China, 1972 387
Nixon, Kissinger, and Their Critics 390
Detente, SALT, and the Nuclear Anns R.ace 393
Regional Tails Wagging the Superpower Dogs:The Middle East 399
Thinking Globally: Relations with Latin America and Africa 403
Number One Challenged: Economic Competition, Environmental
Distress, and the North-South Debate 406
No Mere Footnote:Vietnam.ization, Cambodia, and a Wider War 41 l
The Peace Agreement, Withdrawal, and Defeat 414
The Lessons and Q uestions of Vietnam 417
Mixed Signal~: Carter’s Contradictory Course 421
Engaging the Third World: Latin America and Africa 423
Middle East Highs and Lows: Camp David and the
Iranian Hostage Cri~is 430
W o AT I F ••• the Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission had
Succeeded? 433
Detente’s Downfall: Soviet-American Rivalry, Afghanistan,
and the Carter Record 435
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD 1969- 1981 439
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10 440
11 A New World Order? Reagan, Bush, and Clinton,
1981-2001 445
DIPLOMAT IC CROSSROAD The Berlin Wall Comes Down,
1989 446
Gorbachev and the Earthquakes of l 989-1991 447
Ronald Reagan’s Crusade to Revive American Hegemony 450
Soviet-American Crises and the Antinuclear Movement 454
Civil Wars and Interventionism: Central Americ.1 and the
Caribbean 458
Hornets’ Nests in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia 463
Indispensable Nation: Bush, Clinton, and the Post-Cold War
World 468
Russian Disintegration, German Reunification, NATO Expansion,
Balkan Hell 472
Hope and Tragedy in Africa 476
W n AT IF •• • the United States had killed Osama bin Laden
in August 1998? 479
Invasions and I mpJosions in Latin America 481
Mideast Imbroglios 485
Feuding and Trading w;th China, Vietnam, and Japan 489
Between Two Worlds: Reagan, Bush, Clinton, and the Legacies
of the Cold War 492
FURTHER REAIDING FOR THE PERIOD 1981- 2001 497
NOTES TO CHAPTER 11 501
12 Millennial A,nerica: Foreign Relations
since 2001 505
DIPLOMATIC CROSSROAD 9/llandAfter 506
Personalities Matter:The Bush and Obanui Foreign Policy Teams 509
Present at a New Creation:The War on Terror, Afghanistan,
and the Bush Doctrine 514
“Slam Dm1k”:J ustifying the Iraq War 518
Mission Accomplished~ The Invasion and Occupation of lraq 520
Containing Evil and Spreading Freedom:The Bush and Obama
Policies Toward the Middle East and Asia 529
Getting a Sense of Their Souls: Europe, Latin America, and Africa
in the Twenty- First Century 536
Transnational Challenges and Opportunities 543
Wu AT IF •• • Al Gore had become president in 2001? 546
Soft Power and America’s Place in the World 548
FURTHER READING FOR THE PERIOD SINCE 2001 553
NOTES TO CHAPTER 12 555
Appendix: Makers of An1erican Foreign Relations 559
General Bibliography 563
General Reference Works 563
Overviews of Relations ,vith Countries, Regions, and Other Places
of the World, lncludingAdases and Gazetteers (A),Annual Surveys
and Chronologies (AS), Bibliographies (B), Biographical Aids (BA),
Chronologies (C), Encyclopedias and Dictionaries (E), and Statistics
(S) 565
Overviews of Subjects, JncludingAtL,ses (A),Annual Surveys (AS),
BibliogrAphies (B), Biographical Aids (BA), Chronologies (C),
Encyclopedias (E), and Statistics (S) 575
Index 581
You can also take: American Foreign Relations, A History to 1920, Volume 1