Health Psychology: An Introduction To Behavior and Health, Tenth Edition
By Linda Brannon, John A. Updegraff, and Jess Feist
Contents:
Preface Xiii
About The Authors Xvii
Part 1 Foundations Of Health
Psychology
1 Chapter
Introducing Health Psychology 3
1-1 The Changing Field Of Health 3
Real-World Profile Of Covid-19 Pandemic 4
Patterns Of Disease And Death 6
Would You Believe…? College Is Good For
Your Health 8
Escalating Cost Of Medical Care 10
What Is Health? 10
Would You Believe…? It Takes More Than A
Virus To Give You A Cold 11
In Summary 12
1-2 Psychology’s Relevance For Health 13
The Contribution Of Psychosomatic Medicine 13
The Emergence Of Behavioral Medicine 14
The Emergence Of Health Psychology 15
In Summary 16
1-3 The Profession Of Health Psychology 16
The Training Of Health Psychologists 16
The Work Of Health Psychologists 16
Real-World Profile Of Angela Bryan 17
In Summary 18
Questions 18
Suggested Readings 19
2 Chapter
Conducting Health Research 21
Check Your Beliefs About Health Research 22
2-1 The Placebo In Treatment And Research 22
Treatment And The Placebo 22
Real-World Profile Of Sylvester Colligan 23
Research And The Placebo 24
Would You Believe…? Prescribing Placebos
May Be Considered Ethical 25
In Summary 26
2-2 Research Methods In Psychology 26
Correlational Studies 26
Cross-Sectional And Longitudinal Studies 27
Experimental Designs 28
Ex Post Facto Designs 29
In Summary 29
2-3 Research Methods In Epidemiology 29
Observational Methods 30
Randomized Controlled Trials 30
Meta-Analysis 32
An Example Of Epidemiological Research:
The Alameda County Study 32
Becoming An Informed Reader Of
Health-Related Research On The Internet 33
In Summary 34
2-4 Determining Causation 34
The Risk Factor Approach 34
Cigarettes And Disease: Is There A Causal
Relationship? 35
In Summary 36
2-5 Research Tools 37
The Role Of Theory In Research 37
The Role Of Psychometrics In Research 38
In Summary 39
Questions 39
Suggested Readings 40
3 Chapter
Seeking And Receiving Health
Care 43
3-1 Seeking Medical Attention 43
Check Your Beliefs Regarding Seeking And Receiving
Health Care 44
Real-World Profile Of Lance Armstrong 45
Illness Behavior 46
The Sick Role 51
In Summary 52
3-2 Seeking Medical Information From
Nonmedical Sources 53
The Internet 53
Lay Referral Network 53
Would You Believe…? There Is
Controversy About Childhood Vaccinations 54
3-3 Receiving Medical Care 55
Limited Access To Medical Care 55
Choosing A Practitioner 56
Being In The Hospital 58
Would You Believe…? Hospitals May
Be A Leading Cause Of Death 59
In Summary 61
Questions 62
Suggested Readings 63
4 Chapter
Adhering To Healthy Behavior 65
4-1 Issues In Adherence 65
Check Your Beliefs Regarding Adhering
To Healthy Behavior 66
What Is Adherence? 66
How Is Adherence Measured? 66
Real-World Profile Of Rajiv Kumar 67
How Frequent Is Nonadherence? 68
What Are The Barriers To Adherence? 69
In Summary 70
4-2 What Factors Predict Adherence? 70
Disease Severity 70
Treatment Characteristics 70
Personal Factors 71
Environmental Factors 72
Interaction Of Factors 74
In Summary 75
4-3 Why And How Do People Adhere
To Healthy Behaviors? 75
Continuum Theories Of Health Behavior 76
In Summary 81
Stage Theories Of Health Behavior 81
In Summary 85
4-4 The Intention–Behavior Gap 85
Behavioral Willingness 85
Implementational Intentions 86
Would You Believe…? Both Real And Online
Social Networks Can Influence Health 86
In Summary 87
4-5 Improving Adherence 88
In Summary 90
Becoming Healthier 90
Questions 91
Suggested Readings 92
Part 2 Stress, Pain, And Coping
5 Chapter
Defining, Measuring, And Managing Stress 95
5-1 The Nervous System And The
Physiology Of Stress 95
Check Health Risks Life Events Scale For Students 96
The Peripheral Nervous System 96
Real-World Profile Of Covid-19 Pandemic 97
The Neuroendocrine System 98
Physiology Of The Stress Response 101
In Summary 103
5-2 Theories Of Stress 103
Selye’s View 103
Lazarus’s View 105
In Summary 106
5-3 Sources Of Stress 106
Cataclysmic Events 106
Life Events 108
Daily Hassles 108
Would You Believe…? Vacations Relieve
Work Stress . . . But Not For Long 111
In Summary 112
5-4 Measurement Of Stress 112
Methods Of Measurement 112
In Summary 114
5-5 Coping With Stress 114
Personal Resources That Influence Coping 114
Would You Believe…? Pets May Be Better
Support Providers Than People 117
Personal Coping Strategies 117
In Summary 119
5-6 Behavioral Interventions For Managing Stress 119
Relaxation Training 119
Becoming Healthier 120
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 121
Emotional Disclosure 122
Mindfulness 124
In Summary 125
Questions 126
Suggested Readings 127
6 Chapter
Understanding Stress, Immunity, And Disease 129
6-1 Physiology Of The Immune System 129
Real-World Profile Of Big City Taxi Drivers 130
Organs Of The Immune System 130
Function Of The Immune System 131
Immune System Disorders 133
In Summary 136
6-2 Psychoneuroimmunology 136
History Of Psychoneuroimmunology 136
Research In Psychoneuroimmunology 137
Would You Believe…? Pictures
Of Disease Are Enough To Activate The
Immune System 137
Physical Mechanisms Of Influence 139
In Summary 140
6-3 Does Stress Cause Disease? 140
The Diathesis–Stress Model 140
Stress And Disease 141
Would You Believe…? Being A
Sports Fan May Be A Danger To Your Health 145
Stress And Psychological Disorders 148
In Summary 151
Becoming Healthier 152
Questions 152
Suggested Readings 152
7 Chapter
Understanding And
Managing Pain 155
7-1 Pain And The Nervous System 155
Check Your Experiences
Regarding Your Most Recent Episode Of Pain 156
Real-World Profile Of Pain 157
The Somatosensory System 157
The Spinal Cord 158
The Brain 158
Neurotransmitters And Pain 160
Would You Believe…? Emotional
And Physical Pain Are Mainly The Same In The Brain 160
The Modulation Of Pain 161
In Summary 162
7-2 The Meaning Of Pain 162
The Definition Of Pain 163
The Experience Of Pain 163
7-3 Theories Of Pain 166
In Summary 169
7-4 Pain Syndromes 169
Headache Pain 170
Arthritis Pain 171
Cancer Pain 172
Phantom Limb Pain 172
In Summary 173
7-5 The Measurement Of Pain 174
Self-Reports 174
Behavioral Assessments 176
Physiological Measures 176
In Summary 177
7-6 Managing Pain 177
Medical Approaches To Managing Pain 177
Behavioral Techniques For Managing Pain 180
In Summary 183
Questions 184
Suggested Readings 185
8 Chapter
Considering Alternative Approaches 187
Check Your Health Care Preferences
About Health Research 188
8-1 Alternative Medical Systems 188
Real-World Profile Of T. R. Reid 189
Traditional Chinese Medicine 189
Ayurvedic Medicine 190
In Summary 192
8-2 Alternative Products And Diets 192
In Summary 193
8-3 Manipulative Practices 194
Chiropractic Treatment 194
Massage 194
In Summary 196
8-4 Mind–Body Medicine 196
Meditation And Yoga 196
Becoming Healthier 197
Qi Gong And Tai Chi 198
Biofeedback 199
Hypnotic Treatment 200
Physiology And Mind–Body Medicine 201
In Summary 201
8-5 Who Uses Complementary And Alternative Medicine? 202
Culture, Ethnicity, And Gender 202
Motivations For Seeking Alternative Treatment 203
In Summary 204
8-6 How Effective Are Alternative Treatments? 204
Alternative Treatments For Anxiety, Stress, And Depression 205
Alternative Treatments For Pain 206
Would You Believe…? Humans Are Not The
Only Ones Who Benefit From Acupuncture 209
Alternative Treatments For Other Conditions 210
Limitations Of Alternative Therapies 215
Integrative Medicine 216
In Summary 217
Questions 218
Suggested Readings 219
Part 3 Behavior And Chronic Disease
9 Chapter
Behavioral Factors In Cardiovascular Disease 221
9-1 The Cardiovascular System 221
Check Your Health Risks
Regarding Cardiovascular Disease 222
Real-World Profile Of Emilia Clarke 223
The Coronary Arteries 223
Coronary Artery Disease 224
Stroke 226
Blood Pressure 227
In Summary 228
9-2 The Changing Rates Of Cardiovascular Disease 230
Reasons For The Decline In Death Rates 230
Heart Disease Throughout The World 231
In Summary 231
9-3 Risk Factors In Cardiovascular Disease 232
Inherent Risk Factors 232
Physiological Conditions 234
Behavioral Factors 236
Would You Believe…? Chocolate May Help
Prevent Heart Disease 237
Would You Believe…? Nearly All The Risk For
Stroke Is Due To Modifiable Factors 238
Psychosocial Factors 239
In Summary 242
9-4 Reducing Cardiovascular Risks 243
Before Diagnosis: Preventing First Heart Attacks 243
After Diagnosis: Rehabilitating Cardiac Patients 246
Becoming Healthier 247
In Summary 248
Questions 248
Suggested Readings 249
10 Chapter
Behavioral Factors In Cancer 251
10-1 What Is Cancer? 251
Check Your Health Risks Regarding Cancer 252
Real-World Profile Of Steve Jobs 253
10-2 The Changing Rates Of Cancer Deaths 253
Cancers With Decreasing Death Rates 254
Cancers With Increasing Incidence And Mortality Rates 255
In Summary 256
10-3 Cancer Risk Factors Beyond
Personal Control 257
Inherent Risk Factors For Cancer 257
Environmental Risk Factors For Cancer 258
In Summary 259
10-4 Behavioral Risk Factors For Cancer 259
Smoking 260
Diet 262
Alcohol 264
Sedentary Lifestyle 264
Ultraviolet Light Exposure 264
Would You Believe…? Cancer Prevention
Prevents More Than Cancer 266
Sexual Behavior 266
Psychosocial Risk Factors In Cancer 267
In Summary 267
10-5 Living With Cancer 268
Problems With Medical Treatments For Cancer 268
Adjusting To A Diagnosis Of Cancer 269
Social Support For Cancer Patients 270
Psychological Interventions For Cancer Patients 270
In Summary 271
Questions 272
Suggested Readings 272
11 Chapter
Living With Chronic Illness 275
11-1 The Impact Of Chronic Disease 275
Real-World Profile Of Nick Jonas 276
Impact On The Patient 276
Impact On The Family 278
In Summary 279
11-2 Living With Alzheimer’s Disease 279
Would You Believe…? Using Your Mind May
Help Prevent Losing Your Mind 281
Helping The Patient 282
Helping The Family 283
In Summary 284
11-3 Adjusting To Diabetes 284
The Physiology Of Diabetes 284
The Impact Of Diabetes 286
Health Psychology’s Involvement With Diabetes 287
In Summary 288
11-4 The Impact Of Asthma 289
The Disease Of Asthma 289
Managing Asthma 290
In Summary 291
11-5 Dealing With Hiv And Aids 292
Incidence And Mortality Rates For Hiv/Aids 292
Symptoms Of Hiv And Aids 294
The Transmission Of Hiv 295
Psychologists’ Role In The Hiv Epidemic 296
Becoming Healthier 299
In Summary 299
11-6 Facing Death 300
Adjusting To Terminal Illness 300
Grieving 301
In Summary 302
Questions 302
Suggested Readings 303
Part 4 Behavioral Health
12 Chapter
Smoking Tobacco 305
12-1 Smoking And The Respiratory System 305
Check Health Risks Regarding Tobacco Use 306
Real-World Profile Of Famous Former Smokers 306
Functioning Of The Respiratory System 306
What Components In Smoke Are Dangerous? 309
In Summary 309
12-2 A Brief History Of Tobacco Use 309
12-3 Choosing To Smoke 310
Who Smokes And Who Does Not? 311
Why Do People Smoke? 313
In Summary 318
12-4 Health Consequences Of Tobacco Use 318
Cigarette Smoking 318
Would You Believe…? Smoking Is Related To Mental Illness 320
Cigar And Pipe Smoking 321
E-Cigarettes 321
Passive Smoking 322
Smokeless Tobacco 323
In Summary 323
12-5 Interventions For Reducing Smoking Rates 324
Deterring Smoking 324
Quitting Smoking 324
Who Quits And Who Does Not? 326
Relapse Prevention 327
In Summary 328
12-6 Effects Of Quitting 328
Becoming Healthier 329
Quitting And Weight Gain 329
Health Benefits Of Quitting 331
In Summary 331
Questions 332
Suggested Readings 333
13 Chapter
Using Alcohol And Other Drugs 335
Alcohol Consumption—Yesterday And Today 335
13-1 A Brief History Of Alcohol Consumption 335
Check Your Health Risks Regarding Alcohol And Drug Use 336
Real-World Profile Of Daniel Radcliffe 336
13-2 The Prevalence Of Alcohol Consumption Today 338
In Summary 340
13-3 The Effects Of Alcohol 340
13-4 The Hazards Of Alcohol 342
13-5 The Benefits Of Alcohol 344
In Summary 346
13-6 Why Do People Drink? 347
Disease Models 348
Cognitive-Physiological Theories 349
The Social Learning Model 351
In Summary 352
13-7 Changing Problem Drinking 352
Change Without Therapy 353
Treatments Oriented Toward Abstinence 353
Controlled Drinking 354
The Problem Of Relapse 355
In Summary 355
13-8 Other Drugs 356
Health Effects 356
Would You Believe…?
Brain Damage Is Not A Common Risk Of Drug Use 357
Becoming Healthier 360
Drug Misuse And Abuse 361
Treatment For Drug Abuse 362
Preventing And Controlling Drug Use 363
In Summary 364
Questions 364
Suggested Readings 365
14 Chapter
Eating And Weight 367
14-1 The Digestive System 367
Check Your Health Risks
Regarding Eating And Controlling Your Weight 368
Real-World Profile Of Danny Cahill 368
14-2 Factors In Weight Maintenance 370
Experimental Starvation 370
Experimental Overeating 371
In Summary 372
14-3 Overeating And Obesity 372
What Is Obesity? 373
Why Are Some People Obese? 375
Would You Believe…? You May Need
To Nap Rather Than To Diet 377
How Unhealthy Is Obesity? 379
In Summary 380
14-4 Dieting 382
Approaches To Losing Weight 382
Is Dieting A Good Choice? 386
In Summary 386
14-5 Eating Disorders 387
Anorexia Nervosa 388
Bulimia 391
Binge Eating Disorder 393
Becoming Healthier 394
In Summary 396
Questions 396
Suggested Readings 397
15 Chapter
Exercising 399
15-1 Types Of Physical Activity 399
Check Your Health Risks Regarding Exercise And Physical Activity 400
Real-World Profile Of Ricky Gervais 400
15-2 Reasons For Exercising 401
Physical Fitness 401
Weight Control 402
In Summary 403
15-3 Physical Activity And Cardiovascular Health 404
Early Studies 404
Later Studies 405
Do Women And Men Benefit Equally? 406
Physical Activity And Cholesterol Levels 406
In Summary 407
15-4 Other Health Benefits Of Physical Activity 407
Protection Against Cancer 407
Prevention Of Bone Density Loss 408
Improved Sleep 408
Control Of Diabetes 408
Psychological Benefits Of Physical
Activity 409
Would You Believe…?
It’s Never Too Late—Or Too Early 409
In Summary 413
Would You Believe…?
Exercise Can Help You Learn 413
15-5 Hazards Of Physical Activity 414
Exercise Addiction 414
Injuries From Physical Activity 417
Death During Exercise 418
Reducing Exercise Injuries 418
In Summary 419
15-6 How Much Is Enough But Not Too Much? 419
15-7 Improving Adherence To Physical Activity 420
Becoming Healthier 421
In Summary 424
Questions 424
Suggested Readings 425
Part 5 Looking Toward The Future
16 Chapter
Future Challenges 427
16-1 Challenges For Healthier People 427
Real-World Profile Of Dwayne And Robyn 428
Increasing The Span Of Healthy Life 430
Reducing Health Disparities 431
Would You Believe…? Health Literacy Can
Improve By “Thinking Outside The Box” 433
In Summary 435
16-2 Outlook For Health Psychology 436
Progress In Health Psychology 436
Future Challenges For Health Care 436
Will Health Psychology Continue To Grow? 441
In Summary 442
16-3 Making Health Psychology Personal 442
Understanding Your Risks 442
What Can You Do To Cultivate A Healthy Lifestyle? 445
In Summary 446
Questions 447
Suggested Readings 447
Glossary 448
References 454
Name Index 523
Subject Index 565