Abnormal Psychology: The Science and Treatment of Psychological Disorders, Fifteenth Edition
By Ann M. Kring and Sheri L. Johnson
Contents:
1 Introduction and Historical Overview… 1
Psychological Disorders and Stigmas… 2
Defining Psychological Disorder… 6
Personal Distress… 7
Disability and Dysfunction… 7
Violation of Social Norms… 8
Early History of Psychopathology… 9
Supernatural Explanations… 9
Early Biological Explanations… 10
The Dark Ages: Back to the Supernatural… 10
Development of Asylums… 11
Historical Antecedents of Contemporary Views… 14
Biological Approaches… 14
Psychological Approaches… 16
Have We Learned From History?… 22
The Mental Health Professions… 24
Summary… 25
2 Current Approaches in Psychopathology… 27
Genetic Influences… 27
Behavior Genetics… 29
Molecular Genetics… 30
Gene-Environment Interactions… 31
Evaluating the Role of Genetic Influences in
Psychopathology… 32
Neuroscience Influences… 34
Neurons and Neurotransmitters… 34
Structure and Function of the Human Brain… 35
The Neuroendocrine System… 36
The Immune System… 38
Neuroscience Approaches to Treatment… 39
Evaluating the Role of Neuroscience Influences in
Psychopathology… 39
Cognitive Behavioral Influences… 40
Influences from Behaviorism… 40
Cognitive Science… 41
The Role of the Unconscious… 42
Cognitive Behavior Therapy… 43
Evaluating the Role of Cognitive Behavioral Influences in
Psychopathology… 43 Socioemotional Influences… 45
The Importance of Emotion… 45
Sociocultural Influences… 46
Interpersonal Influences and the Role of Stress… 47
Evaluating the Role of Socioemotional Influences in
Psychopathology… 50
Summary… 52
3 Diagnosis and Assessment… 54
Cornerstones of Diagnosis and Assessment: Reliability and Validity… 55
Reliability… 55
Validity… 56
Diagnosis… 58
The Diagnostic System of the American Psychiatric
Association: DSM-5… 58
Specific Criticisms of the DSM… 63
General Criticisms of Diagnosing Psychological Disorders… 68
Psychological Assessment… 70
Clinical Interviews… 70
Personality Tests… 73
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Tests… 75
Direct Observation of Behavior… 76
Experience Sampling… 77
Self-Report Questionnaires… 77
Neurobiological Assessment… 79
Brain Imaging: “Seeing” the Brain… 79
Brain Stimulation… 80
Psychophysiological Assessment… 81
Diversity and Assessment… 82
Cultural and Racial Bias in Assessment… 82
Strategies for Avoiding Cultural and Racial Bias in
Assessment… 83
Summary… 84
4 Research Methods in Psychopathology… 86
Science, Theory, and Hypotheses… 87
Research Designs in Psychopathology… 87
The Case Study… 87
The Correlational Method… 88
The Experiment… 95
One Example of Experimental Research: Treatment Outcome
Research… 100
Defining the Treatment Condition… 102
Defining Control Groups… 102
Defining a Sample… 103
Assessing and Implementing Treatments in the Real World… 105
Analogues in Psychopathology Research… 106
Integrating the Findings of Multiple Studies… 108
Replication… 108
Meta-Analysis… 110 Summary… 112
5 Mood Disorders… 114
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Depressive
Disorders… 115
Major Depressive Disorder… 116
Persistent Depressive Disorder… 117
Epidemiology and Consequences of Depressive Disorders… 117
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorders… 121
Bipolar I Disorder… 121
Bipolar II Disorder… 122
Cyclothymic Disorder… 122
Epidemiology and Consequences of Bipolar Disorders… 123
Etiology of Mood Disorders… 124
Genetic Influences… 125
Neurotransmitters… 125
Neural Regions Involved in Emotion and Reward Processing… 126
Cortisol Dysregulation… 128
Cytokines… 129
Social Influences on Depression: Childhood Adversity, Life
Events, and Interpersonal Difficulties… 129
Psychological Influences on Depression… 130
Putting It All Together: Integrating Biological and Social
Influences on Depression… 133
Social and Psychological Influences on the Course of Bipolar
Disorder… 134
Treatment of Mood Disorders… 136
Psychological Treatment of Depression… 137
Psychological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder… 140
Biological Treatment of Mood Disorders… 141
Suicide… 144
Epidemiology of Suicide and Suicide Attempts… 145
Risk Factors for Suicide… 147
Preventing Suicide… 148
Summary… 151
6 Anxiety Disorders… 153
Emotions of Anxiety and Fear… 154
Clinical Descriptions of the Anxiety Disorders… 155
Specific Phobias… 156
Social Anxiety Disorder… 158
Panic Disorder… 159
Agoraphobia… 159
Generalized Anxiety Disorder… 160
Comorbidity in Anxiety Disorders… 161
Gender and Cultural Influences on the Anxiety Disorders… 162
Gender… 162
Culture… 162
Common Influences Across the Anxiety Disorders… 163
Fear Conditioning… 164
Genetic Influences… 166
Neurobiological Correlates: Brain Regions and Activity of
Neurotransmitters… 166
Personality: Neuroticism and Behavioral Inhibition… 167
Cognitive Influences… 167
Putting It All Together: Integrating Biological, Behavioral, and
Social Influences… 169 Etiology of Specific Anxiety Disorders… 170
Etiology of Specific Phobias… 170
Etiology of Social Anxiety Disorder… 171
Etiology of Panic Disorder… 173
Etiology of Agoraphobia… 175
Etiology of Generalized Anxiety Disorder… 175
Treatments of the Anxiety Disorders… 177
Commonalities Across Psychological Treatments… 177
Psychological Treatments of Specific Anxiety Disorders… 178
Medications That Reduce Anxiety… 180
Summary… 181
7 Obsessive-Compulsive-Related and Trauma-Related
Disorders… 184
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of Obsessive-
Compulsive and Related Disorders… 185
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder… 186
Body Dysmorphic Disorder… 188
Hoarding Disorder… 189
Prevalence and Comorbidity of Obsessive-Compulsive and
Related Disorders… 191 Etiology of the Obsessive-
Compulsive and Related Disorders… 192
Etiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder… 192
Etiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder… 194
Etiology of Hoarding Disorder… 194
Treatment of the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders… 195
Medications… 196
Psychological Treatment… 196
Brain Stimulation for Treatment-Resistant OCD… 199
Clinical Description and Epidemiology of Posttraumatic
Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder… 199
Etiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder… 203
Nature of the Trauma: The Severity and Type of Trauma Matter… 203
Neurobiology: The Hippocampus… 204
Coping… 205
Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder… 206
Medication Treatment of PTSD… 206
Psychological Treatment of PTSD… 206
Psychological Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder… 208
Summary… 209
8 Dissociative Disorders and Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders… 211
Clinical Descriptions and Epidemiology of the Dissociative Disorders… 212
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder… 213
Dissociative Amnesia… 214
Dissociative Identity Disorder… 217
The Epidemiology of Dissociative Disorders: Increases Over Time… 218
Etiology of Dissociative Disorders… 219
Etiology of Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder… 219
Etiology of Dissociative Identity Disorder… 219
Treatment of Dissociative Disorders… 222
Clinical Description of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders… 222
Clinical Description of Somatic Symptom Disorder… 224
Clinical Description of Illness Anxiety Disorder… 225
Clinical Description of Conversion Disorder… 225
Etiology of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders… 228
Neurobiological Factors That Increase Awareness of and
Distress Over Somatic Symptoms… 229
Cognitive Behavioral Factors That Increase Awareness of and
Distress Over Somatic Symptoms… 230
Etiology of Conversion Disorder… 231
Treatment of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders… 233
Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder… 233
Conversion Disorder… 235
Summary… 236
9 Schizophrenia… 238
Clinical Descriptions of Schizophrenia… 239
Positive Symptoms… 240
Negative Symptoms… 241
Disorganized Symptoms….242
Other Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders… 244
Etiology of Schizophrenia… 246
Genetic Influences… 247
The Role of Neurotransmitters… 251
Connectivity in the Brain… 253
Environmental Factors Influencing the Developing Brain… 254
Psychological Influences… 255
Developmental Factors… 258
Treatment of Schizophrenia… 260
Medications… 260
Psychological Treatments… 264
Summary… 268
10 Substance Use Disorders… 270
Overview: Substance Use by the Numbers… 270
Clinical Descriptions: Alcohol, Tobacco, and Marijuana Use Disorders… 273
Alcohol Use Disorder… 273
Tobacco Use Disorder… 277
Marijuana… 280
Clinical Descriptions: Opioid, Stimulant, and Other Drug Use Disorders… 284
Opioids… 284
Stimulants… 287
Hallucinogens, Ecstasy, and PCP… 289
Etiology of Substance Use Disorders… 292
Genetic Influences… 292
Neurobiological Influences… 293
Psychological Influences… 296
Sociocultural Influences… 299
Treatment of Substance Use Disorders… 301
Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder… 302
Treatments for Smoking… 304
Treatment of Drug Use Disorders… 306
Prevention of Substance Use Disorders… 310
Summary… 311
11 Eating Disorders… 313
Clinical Descriptions of Eating Disorders… 314
Anorexia Nervosa… 314
Bulimia Nervosa… 318
Binge Eating Disorder… 319
Etiology of Eating Disorders… 324
Genetic Influences… 324
Neurobiological Influences… 324
Cognitive Behavioral and Emotion Influences… 326
Sociocultural Influences… 328
Other Influences Contributing to the Etiology of Eating Disorders… 332
Treatment of Eating Disorders… 334
Medications… 334
Psychological Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa… 334
Psychological Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa… 335
Psychological Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder… 336
Preventive Interventions for Eating Disorders… 337
Summary… 338
12 Sexual Disorders… 339
Sexual Norms and Behavior… 340
Research Methods in the Study of Sexuality… 342
Gender and Sexuality… 342
Clinical Descriptions of Sexual Dysfunctions… 344
Disorders Involving Sexual Interest, Desire, and Arousal… 346
Orgasmic Disorders… 347
Sexual Pain Disorder… 349
Etiology of Sexual Dysfunctions… 350
Biological Influences… 350
Psychosocial Influences… 351
Putting It All Together: Integrating Biological and
Psychosocial Influences on Sexual Dysfunction… 352
Treatments of Sexual Dysfunctions… 353
Psychoeducation… 354
Couples Therapy… 354
Cognitive Interventions… 354
Sensate Focus… 354
Treatments for Specific Sexual Dysfunctions… 355
Clinical Descriptions of the Paraphilic Disorders… 356
Pedophilic Disorder and Incest… 358
Voyeuristic Disorder… 359
Exhibitionistic Disorder… 359
Frotteuristic Disorder… 360
Sexual Sadism and Masochism Disorders… 360
Etiology of the Paraphilic Disorders… 361
Neurobiological Influences… 362
Childhood Sexual Abuse… 362
Psychological Influences… 362
Treatments and Community Prevention for the Paraphilic Disorders… 364
Strategies to Enhance Motivation… 365
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment… 365
Biological Treatments… 365
Prevention… 366
Balancing Efforts to Protect the Public Against the Civil
Liberties of Those with Paraphilias… 366
Summary… 367
13 Disorders of Childhood… 369
Classification and Diagnosis of Childhood Disorders… 370
Externalizing Disorders: ADHD and Conduct Disorder… 371
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder… 371
Conduct Disorder… 377
Internalizing Disorders: Depression and Anxiety Disorders… 385
Depression… 386
Anxiety… 390
Specific Learning Disorder and Intellectual Disability… 394
Dyslexia: A Type of Specific Learning Disorder… 394
Intellectual Disability… 396
Autism Spectrum Disorder… 400
Clinical Descriptions, Prevalence, and Prognosis of Autism
Spectrum Disorder… 400
Etiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder… 404
Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder… 406
Summary… 407
14 Late Life and Neurocognitive Disorders… 409
Aging: Myths, Problems, and Methods… 410
Myths About Late Life… 411
The Problems Experienced in Late Life… 412
Research Methods in the Study of Aging… 412
Psychological Disorders in Late Life… 414
Prevalence Estimates of Psychological Disorders in Late Life… 415
Methodological Issues in Estimating the Prevalence of Psychopathology… 416
Treatment… 416
Dementia… 417
Alzheimer’s Disease… 419
Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia… 423
Vascular Dementia… 424
Dementia with Lewy Bodies… 424
Huntington’s Disease… 425
Treatments for Dementia… 425
Delirium… 428
Etiology of Delirium… 430
Treatment of Delirium… 430
Summary… 431
15 Personality Disorders… 433
The DSM-5 Approach to Classification… 435
Problems with the DSM-5 Approach to Personality Disorders… 436
Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders… 438
Common Risk Factors Across the Personality Disorders… 440
Clinical Description and Etiology of the Odd/Eccentric Cluster… 442
Schizotypal Personality Disorder… 442
Clinical Description and Etiology of the Dramatic/Erratic Cluster… 444
Antisocial Personality Disorder and Psychopathy… 445
Borderline Personality Disorder… 448
Narcissistic Personality Disorder… 451
Clinical Description and Etiology of the Anxious/Fearful Cluster… 454
Avoidant Personality Disorder… 454
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder… 455
Treatment of Personality Disorders… 457
Treatment of Schizotypal Personality Disorder and Avoidant
Personality Disorder… 458
Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder… 458
Summary… 460
16 Legal and Ethical Issues… 462
Criminal Commitment… 463
The Insanity Defense… 464
Current Insanity Pleas… 467
Competency to Stand Trial… 469
Insanity, Intellectual Disability, and Capital Punishment… 474
Civil Commitment… 475
Preventive Detention and Problems in the Prediction of
Dangerousness… 476
Protection of the Rights of People with Psychological
Disorders… 479
Ethical Dilemmas in Therapy and Research… 484
Ethical Restraints on Research… 484
Informed Consent… 486
Confidentiality and Privileged Communication… 487
Summary… 487
Appendix: Dsm-5 Diagnoses… A-L
Glossary / References / Name Index /
Subject Index