The College Writer: A Guide to Thinking, Writing and Researching, Seventh Edition
By John Van Rys, Verne Meyer, Randall Vander Mey, and Pat Sebranek
Contents:
Thematic Contents for Readings xvi
Preface xxii
The Writing Process
1 Getting Started 3
The Writing Process: From Start to Finish 4
Consider the Writing Process 4
Adapt the Process to Your Project 5
Aiming for Writing Excellence 6
Common Traits of College Writing 6
Common Traits in Action 7
Sample: “Hair Today, Gone Tomorrow” 7
Understanding Your Project 8
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation 8
Study the Assignment 9
Developing a Topic 10
Limit the Subject Area 10
Conduct Your Search 10
Explore Possible Topics 11
Freewrite to Discover and
Develop a Topic 12
Researching Your Topic 14
Find Out What You Already Know 14
Ask Questions 15
Identify Possible Sources 16
Track Sources 17
Getting Started: Applications 18
Learning-Objectives Checklist 18
2 Reading Critically 19
Cultivating Critical-Thinking Habits 20
Adopt a Critical-Thinking Mindset 20
Ask Probing Questions 21
Activate a Thinking Pattern 21
Using the SQ3R Reading Strategy 22
Survey 22
Question 22
Read 23
Recite 23
Review 23
Critical Thinking Through Reading 24
Maintain Focus and Attention 24
Sample: “Why Change Is So Hard:
Self-Control Is Exhaustible,” Dan Heath 24
Map the Text 26
Outline the Text 26
Evaluate the Text 27
Taking Notes Actively 28
Annotate the Text 28
Create a Double-Entry Notebook 29
Responding to a Text 30
Guidelines for Response Writing 30
Summarizing a Text 31
Guidelines for Summary Writing 31
Engaging with Social Media 32
Revisit the Rhetorical Situation 32
Beware of Bias 33
Avoid Confirmation Bias 33
Reading Critically: Applications 34
Learning-Objectives Checklist 34
3 Viewing Critically 35
Viewing an Image Actively 36
Follow Active-Viewing Steps 36
View a Sample Image 37
Interpreting an Image 38
Interpret a Sample Image 39
Evaluating an Image 40
Consider the Purpose 40
Evaluate the Quality 40
Determine the Value 40
Evaluate a Sample Image 41
Critiquing a Video 42
Before Viewing 42
During Viewing 42
After Viewing 43
Detecting Misinformation 44
Deepfakes 44
Deceptive Edits 44
Out-of-Context Images 44
Doctored Images 45
Visual Misinformation:
A Case Study 45
Viewing Critically: Applications 46
Learning-Objectives Checklist 46
4 Planning Your Piece 47
Forming Your Thesis Statement 48
Find a Focus 48
State Your Thesis 48
Refine Your Thesis 49
Developing a Plan or an Outline 50
Discover Organization in Your
Thesis 50
Refer Back to Your Prewriting 50
Structure Your Writing for the
Development of Ideas 50
Consider Inductive and Deductive
Patterns 51
Experimenting with Mapping
Methods 52
Quick Lists 52
Topic Outline 53
Sentence Outline 54
Writing Organizers 55
Planning the Design of Your
Project 55
Consider the Rhetorical Situation 55
Choose Design Elements 56
Consider Multimodal Elements 57
Planning Your Piece: Applications 58
Learning-Objectives Checklist 58
5 Drafting: From Paragraphs to
Essays 59
Basic Essay Structure: Major Moves 60
Tips for Drafting 61
Drafting Paragraphs 61
Types of Paragraphs 61
Use a Basic Pattern for Body
Paragraphs 62
Vary Your Paragraph Style 63
Opening Your Draft 64
Engage Your Reader 64
Establish Your Direction 64
Get to the Point 65
Developing the Middle 66
Advance Your Thesis 66
Test Your Ideas 66
Make Writing Moves 67
Ending Your Draft 70
Reassert the Main Point 70
Urge the Reader 70
Complete and Unify Your
Message 71
The Last Step in Drafting: Your
Working Title 71
Drafting: Applications 72
Learning-Objectives Checklist 72
6 Revising Your Draft 73
Tips for Revising Your Work 74
Use Practical Strategies 74
Consider Your Overall Approach 74
Revising Your Ideas 75
Test Your Ideas 75
Test Your Evidence 76
Revising Your Organization 77
Check Your Overall Plan 77
Revisit Your Opening 77
Test the Flow of Ideas 78
Revisit Your Closing 78
Revising Your Voice 79
Check the Level of Commitment 79
Check the Intensity 79
Strengthening Your Body
Paragraphs 80
Remember the Basics 80
Keep the Purpose in Mind 80
Check for Unity 81
Check for Coherence 83
Check for Completeness 85
Revising Collaboratively 86
Know Your Role 86
Provide Appropriate Feedback 86
Respond According to a Plan 87
Revising Your Draft: Applications 88
Learning-Objectives Checklist 88
7 Polishing Your Prose 89
Tips for Polishing Your Prose 90
Use Tools and Methods That
Work 90
Proofread Plus 90
Strengthening Sentence Style 91
Recognize Sentence Style
Problems 91
Edit Sentences to Give Them an
Academic Style 92
Fix Primer Style 94
Fix Repetitive Patterns with Varied
Structures 96
Fix Overuse of the Passive Voice 98
Fix Unparallel Structure 99
Fix Weak Constructions 100
Eliminate Wordiness 101
Fixing Weak Wording 102
Substitute Specific Words 102
Replace Jargon and Clichés 103
Replace Questionable Wording with
Plain English 104
Replace Biased Words with Fair and
Inclusive Language 105
Polishing Your Prose: Applications 108
Learning-Objectives Checklist 108
8 One Writer’s Process 109
Ariana’s Assignment and
Response 110
Ariana Examined the
Assignment 110
Ariana Explored and Narrowed Her
Assignment 111
Ariana’s Planning 112
Ariana Focused Her Topic 112
Ariana Researched the Topic 112
Ariana Decided How to Organize Her
Writing 113
Ariana’s First Draft 114
Ariana’s Revision 116
Ariana’s Edited Draft 118
Angela’s Proofread Draft 119
Angela’s Finished Essay 120
One Writer’s Process: Applications 123
Learning-Objectives Checklist 123
Traits of College Writing:
A Checklist 124
Modes of Writing
9 Forms of College Writing 127
Three Curricular Divisions 128
Writing in the Humanities 129
The Purpose of Inquiry 129
Forms of Humanities Writing 129
Humanities Research Methods 129
Writing in the Social Sciences 130
The Purpose of Inquiry 130
Forms of Social-Science Writing 130
Social-Science Research Methods 130
Writing in the Natural and Applied
Sciences 131
The Purpose of Inquiry 131
Forms of Natural-Science
Writing 131
Natural-Science Research
Methods 131
The Rhetorical Modes 132
The Modes as Thinking
Frameworks 132
The Modes at Work 133
Multimodal Projects 134
Modes: Methods of
Communication 134
Forms of Multimodal Projects 134
Forms of College Writing:
Applications 136
Learning-Objectives Checklist 136
10 Personal Writing 137
Meeting the Mode 138
Sample: “Spare Change,” Teresa
Zsuffa 138
Converse with the Mode 141
Strategies for Writing Personal
Essays 142
The Rhetorical Situation 142
Principles of Narration 142
Principles of Description 144
Principles of Reflection 145
Patterns for Personal Essays: Thesis
Thinking 146
Patterns for Personal Essays: Writing
Moves 147
Personal Essays: Learning Writers’
Moves 149
Exploring Our Relationship with
Death 149
Sample: “Speaking Ill of the Dead,”
Rachel Ten Hove 149
Exploring an Immigrant Identity 152
Sample: “It Took Me 18 Years to
Embrace My Name,” Fiza
Pirani 152
Examining a Failed Institution 156
Sample: “What I Learned in Prison,”
James Kilgore 156
DIY: Craft Your Own Personal
Essay 160
Planning 160
Drafting 161
Revising 161
Polishing 161
Publishing 161
The Personal Essay: Applications 162
Learning-Objectives Checklist 162
11 Analytical Writing: Definition 163
Meeting the Mode 164
Sample: “The Gullible Family,” Mary
Bruins 164
Converse with the Mode 165
Strategies for Writing Definition
Essays 166
The Rhetorical Situation 166
Principles of Definition Writing 166
Patterns for Definition Essays: Thesis
Thinking 168
Patterns for Definition Essays: Writing
Moves 169
Definition Essays: Learning Writers’
Moves 170
Explaining a Misunderstood
Term 170
Sample: “How ‘Namaste’ Flew Away
from Us,” Kumari Devarajan 170
Examining the Changing Meaning of a
Social Phrase 173
Sample: “The History of ‘Coming
Out’: From Secret Gay Code to
Popular Political Protest,” Abigail
Saguy 173
Defining Ethnic and Racial
Attitudes 177
Sample: “Dead Indians,” Thomas
King 177
DIY: Craft Your Own Definition
Essay 182
Planning 182
Drafting 183
Revising 183
Polishing 183
Publishing 183
Definition Essays: Applications 184
Learning-Objectives Checklist 184
12 Analytical Writing: Classification 185
Meeting the Mode 186
Sample: “Why We Lift,” Hillary
Gammons 186
Converse with the Mode 187
Strategies for Writing Classification
Essays 188
The Rhetorical Situation 188
Principles of Classification
Writing 188
Patterns for Classification Essays:
Thesis Thinking 189
Patterns for Classification Essays:
Writing Moves 190
Classification Essays: Learning Writers’
Moves: 191
Analyzing Forms of Music 191
Sample: “Latin American Music: A
Diverse and Unifying Force,”
Kathleen Marsh 191
Analyzing Artificial Intelligence 195
Sample: “Understanding the Four
Types of AI: From Reactive Robots
to Self-Aware Beings,” Arend
Hintze 195
Approaches to Literary Criticism 199
Sample: “Four Ways to Talk About
Literature,” John Van Rys 199
DIY: Craft Your Own Classification
Essay 202
Planning 202
Drafting 203
Revising 203
Polishing 203
Publishing 203
Classification Essays: Applications 204
Learning-Objectives Checklist 204
13 Analytical Writing: Process 205
Meeting the Mode 206
Sample: “American Lumpia: Filipino
Egg Roll,” Andrea Santiago 206
Converse with the Mode 208
Strategies for Writing Process
Essays 209
The Rhetorical Situation 209
Principles of Process Writing 209
Patterns for Process Essays: Thesis
Thinking 210
Patterns for Process Essays: Writing
Moves 211
Process Essays: Learning Writers’
Moves 212
Analyzing a Cultural Practice 212
Sample: “Chasing the Stoke,” Tim
Zekveld 212
Analyzing a Natural Process 216
Sample: “Yogurt: Milk & Mayhem,”
Nina Mukerjee Furstenau 216
Analyzing a Policy 220
Sample: “The Emancipation of Abe
Lincoln,” Eric Foner 220
DIY: Craft Your Own Process
Essay 224
Planning 224
Drafting 224
Revising 225
Polishing 225
Publishing 225
Process Essays: Applications 226
Learning-Objectives Checklist 226
14 Analytical Writing: Compare and
Contrast 227
Meeting the Mode 228
Sample: “Modern Arranged
Marriages,” Ariana King 228
Converse with the Mode 229
Strategies for Writing Compare-
Contrast Essays 230
The Rhetorical Situation 230
Principles of Compare-Contrast
Writing 230
Patterns for Compare-Contrast
Essays: Thesis Thinking 232
Patterns for Compare-Contrast
Essays: Writing Moves 233
Compare-Contrast Essays: Learning
Writers’ Moves 234
Analyzing Two Cultures 234
Sample: “Beyond the Polite Smile,”
Janice Pang 234
Analyzing Human Compassion 236
Sample: “Why We Care About
Whales,” Marina Keegan 236
Analyzing Internet Bullying 240
Sample: “How the Internet Has
Changed Bullying,” Maria
Konnikova 240
DIY: Craft Your Own Compare-
Contrast Essay 244
Planning 244
Drafting 244
Revising 245
Polishing 245
Publishing 245
Compare-Contrast Essays:
Applications 246
Learning-Objectives Checklist 246
15 Analytical Writing: Cause and
Effect 247
Meeting the Mode 248
Sample: “Adrenaline Junkies,” Sarah
Hanley 248
Converse with the Mode 249
Strategies for Writing Cause-Effect
Essays 250
The Rhetorical Situation 250
Principles of Cause-Effect
Writing 250
Patterns for Cause-Effect Essays:
Thesis Thinking 252
Patterns for Cause-Effect Essays:
Writing Moves 253
Cause-Effect Essays: Learning Writers’
Moves 254
Analyzing Password Protection 254
Sample: “1$_Your_P@$$wOrd_
Cl3v3r?,” Scott Reichelt 254
Analyzing the African American
Experience of Baseball 259
Sample: “On the 100th Anniversary of
the Negro Leagues: A Look Back at
What Was Lost,” Rob Ruck 259
Analyzing a Trend 263
Sample: “The Rise of the New
Groupthink,” Susan Cain 263
DIY: Craft Your Own Cause-Effect
Essay 268
Planning 268
Drafting 269
Revising 269
Polishing 269
Publishing 269
Cause-Effect Essays: Applications 270
Learning-Objectives Checklist 270
16 Reading Literature: A Case Study in
Analysis 271
Strategies for Analyzing Literature and
the Arts 272
The Rhetorical Situation 272
Principles of Literary-Analysis
Writing 272
Patterns for Literary-Analysis Essays:
Thesis Thinking 275
Patterns for Literary-Analysis Essays:
Writing Moves 276
Analyzing Literature: Learning Writers’
Moves 277
Analyzing a Poem 277
Sample: “Let Evening Come,” Jane
Kenyon 277
Sample: “‘Let Evening Come’: An
Invitation to the Inevitable,”
Sherry Mantel 278
Sample: “The World Is Too Much With
Us,” William Wordsworth 280
Analyzing a Short Story 281
Sample: “‘A Clean, Well-Lighted Place’:
Emotional Darkness,” by Julia
Jansen 281
Analyzing a Film 284
Sample: “The Revenant: A Brutal
Masterpiece,” by James C.
Schaap 284
Literary Terms 288
Poetry Terms 291
DIY: Craft Your Own Literary
Analysis 292
Planning 292
Drafting 292
Revising 293
Polishing 293
Publishing 293
Analyzing Literature: Applications 294
Learning-Objectives Checklist 294
17 Persuasive Writing: Strategies for
Argumentation 295
Meeting the Mode 296
Sample: “America Needs a Ministry of
(Actual) Truth,” Josh Wilbur 296
Converse with the Mode 300
Structuring Arguments 301
Understand Toulmin
Argumentation 301
Toulmin Patterns 302
Understand Rogerian
Argumentation 302
Rogerian Patterns 303
Choose an Approach 304
Engaging the Opposition 305
Make Concessions 305
Develop Rebuttals 305
Consolidate Your Claim 305
Arguing Through Appeals 306
Appeal to Ethos 306
Appeal to Pathos 306
Appeal to Logos 307
Making and Qualifying Claims 308
Distinguish Claims from Facts and
Opinions 308
Distinguish Three Types of
Claims 308
Develop a Supportable Claim 309
Supporting Your Claims 310
Gather Evidence 310
Use Evidence 311
Identifying Logical Fallacies 313
Distorting the Issue 313
Sabotaging the Argument 314
Drawing Faulty Conclusions from the
Evidence 315
Misusing Evidence 315
Misusing Language 316
Identifying Fallacies in Others’
Arguments 317
Sample: “Executive Deception: Four
Fallacies About Divestment, and
One Big Mistake,” Kathleen Dean
Moore 317
Strategies for Argumentation:
Applications 320
Learning-Objectives Checklist 320
18 Persuasive Writing: Positions, Actions,
and Solutions 321
Meeting the Mode 322
Sample: “Evening the Odds,” Dave
DeHaan 322
Converse with the Mode 323
Strategies for Persuasive Writing 324
The Rhetorical Situation 324
Principles: Taking a Stand 324
Principles: Calling for Action 325
Principles: Proposing a Solution 326
Patterns for Persuasive Essays: Thesis
Thinking 328
Patterns for Persuasive Essays:
Writing Moves 329
Persuasive Essays: Learning Writers’
Moves 330
Solving the Problem of E-Waste 330
Sample: “Remedying an E-Waste
Economy,” Rachel DeBruyn 330
Addressing a Racial Problem 334
Sample: “Reaction GIFs of Black People
Are More Problematic Than You
Think,” Naomi Day 334
Debating Latinx 338
Sample: “Why ‘Latinx’ Is Succeeding
While Other Gender-Neutral
Terms Fail to Catch On,” Katy
Steinmetz 338
Sample: “Can We Please Stop
Using ‘Latinx’? Thanx,” Kurly
Tlapoyawa 341
Calling for Action on Cannabis 345
Sample: “Is Marijuana as Safe as We
Think?,” Malcolm Gladwell 345
DIY: Craft Your Own Persuasive
Essay 353
Planning 353
Drafting 354
Revising 355
Polishing 355
Publishing 355
Persuasive Essays: Applications 356
Learning-Objectives Checklist 356
Online Bonus Chapters
A Taking Essay Tests A-1
Reviewing for Tests A-2
Perform Daily Reviews A-2
Perform Longer Weekly Reviews A-2
Forming a Study Group A-3
Considering the Testing Situation A-4
Taking the Essay Test A-5
Look for Key Words A-5
Plan and Write the Essay-Test
Answer A-7
Writing Under Pressure: The Essay
Test A-10
Taking an Objective Test A-11
Tips for Coping with Test Anxiety A-12
B Writing for the Workplace B-1
Writing Emails and Messages B-2
Choosing the Right Medium B-2
Messaging Effectively B-2
Emailing Effectively B-3
Writing Business Letters B-4
Parts of the Business Letter B-4
Writing Memos B-6
Applying for a Job B-7
Sample Letter of Application B-7
Sample Recommendation-Request
Letter B-8
The Application Essay B-9
Preparing a Resume B-11
Sample Résumé B-12
Sample Electronic Résumé B-13
C Preparing Oral Presentations C-1
Organizing Your Presentation C-2
Prepare an Introduction C-2
Develop the Body C-3
Come to a Conclusion C-4
Hold a Q & A Session C-4
Writing Your Presentation C-5
Sample Speech C-6
Sample: “Save Now or Pay
Later,” Burnette Sawyer C-6
Use Visual Aids C-8
Developing Digital Presentations C-9
Overcoming Stage Fright
Checklist C-10
D Multimodal Projects D-1
Meeting Multimodal Texts D-2
Converse with the Mode D-3
Strategies for Crafting Multimodal
Texts D-4
The Rhetorical Situation D-4
Principles of Multimodality D-4
Patterns for Multimodal Texts: Thesis
Thinking D-6
Patterns for Multimodal Texts:
Composing Moves D-7
Multimodal Texts: Learning
Composers’ Moves D-8
Poking Fun at Technology
Dependency D-8
Sample: “Slowpoke,” Jen Sorensen D-9
Blogging About a Historical
Figure D-10
Sample: “‘Hamilton,’—About
Alexander and Eliza’s Last
Goodbye,” Neely Tucker D-10
Craft Your Own Multimodal Text D-13
Multimodal Projects:
Applications D-15
Learning-Objectives Checklist D-15
III. Research and Writing
19 Planning Your Research 359
Your Project: Writing a Research
Proposal 360
Understand the Parts of a Research
Proposal 360
Sample: “Film Studies 201 Proposal:
Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice
as Fiction and Film,” Gwendolyn
Mackenzie 360
Research: An Overview 362
The Research Process 362
The Research Frame of Mind 363
Getting Focused 364
Establish a Narrow, Manageable
Topic 364
Brainstorm Research Questions 364
Develop a Working Thesis 365
Understanding Primary, Secondary,
and Tertiary Sources 366
Primary Sources 366
Secondary Sources 366
Tertiary Sources 367
Exploring Information Resources and
Sites 368
Consider Different Information
Resources 368
Consider Different Information Sites 369
Planning Keyword Searches 370
Choose Keywords Carefully 370
Learn Keyword Strategies 371
Building a Working Bibliography 372
Select an Efficient Approach for Your
Project 372
Developing a Research Plan 373
Choose Research Methods 373
Get Organized to Do Research 373
Planning Your Research: Applications 374
Learning-Objectives Checklist 374
20 Doing Research 375
Your Project: Creating an Annotated
Bibliography 376
The Elements of an Annotated Bibliography 376
Sample Annotated Bibliography 376
Sample: “Project on Alice Munro’s
Runaway: An Annotated
Bibliography” 376
Working with Your Sources 378
Engage Your Sources 378
Choose a Note-Taking System 379
Summarizing, Paraphrasing, and
Quoting Source Material 382
Rate Source Reliability and
Depth 385
Evaluate Each Source 386
Test Free-Web Sources 387
Sample Evaluations 388
Doing Primary Research 390
Methods of Primary Research 390
Principles for Doing Primary
Research 391
Conduct Surveys 392
Analyze Texts, Documents, Records,
and Artifacts 394
Conduct Interviews 396
Make Observations 398
Doing Library Research 399
Search the Catalog 400
Locate Resources by Call
Numbers 401
Work with the Books You Find 402
Consult Reference Resources 403
Find Articles Via Databases 404
Doing Free-Web Research 405
Using Search and Metasearch 405
Use Search Engines Effectively 406
Understanding the Uses and Limits of Wikipedia 408
Doing Research: Applications 410
Learning-Objectives Checklist 410
21 Practicing Research Ethics 411
Your Project: Writing a Literature Review 412
Guidelines for Writing a Literature
Review 412
Sample: “Assertiveness Use and Abuse
Experience of Haitian Women:
A Literature Review,” Kadee
Rowe 413
Research Ethics: A Primer 418
Participation in Information
Culture 418
Your Research-Writing
Responsibilities 419
Developing Credibility Through Source
Use 420
Writing with Poor Use of Sources 420
Writing with Strong Use of
Sources 421
Recognizing Plagiarism 422
What Is Plagiarism? 422
What Does Plagiarism Look
Like? 422
Understanding Why Plagiarism Is
Serious 424
Academic Dishonesty 424
Theft from the Academic
Community 424
Present and Future Harm 424
Avoiding Plagiarism 425
Avoiding Other Source Abuses 426
Sample Source Abuses 426
Related Academic Offenses 427
Practicing Research Ethics:
Applications 428
Learning-Objectives Checklist 428
22 Drafting Research Papers 429
Papers with Documented Research:
Quick Guide 430
Reviewing Your Findings 431
Deepen Your Thinking on the
Topic 431
Sharpen Your Working Thesis 431
Considering Methods of
Organization 432
Organizational Practices That Consider Sources 432
Traditional Organizational Patterns 433
Considering Drafting Strategies 434
Choose a Drafting Method 434
Respect Your Sources While
Drafting 434
Reason with the Evidence 435
Using Source Material in Your
Writing 436
Integrate Source Material Carefully 436
Effectively Document Your Sources 438
Mark Changes to Quotations 439
Sample Research Paper: A Humanities Essay 440
Sample: “Chipping Away at Our
Privacy?,” Lucas Koomans 440
Sample Research Paper: Science
IMRAD Report 445
Sample: “The Effects of the Eastern
Red Cedar on Seedlings and
Implications for Allelopathy,”Dana Kleckner, Brittany Korver, Nicolette Storm, and Adam Verhoef 445
Drafting a Research Paper: Applications 452
Learning-Objectives Checklist 452
23 MLA Style 453
MLA Documentation: Quick Guide 454
In-Text Citation: The Basics 454
Works Cited: Nine Core Elements 455
Guidelines for In-Text Citations 456
Citations for Regular Sources 456
Citations for Sources Without Traditional Authorship and/or Pagination 457
Sample In-Text Citations 458
Guidelines for Works-Cited Entries 464
Works-Cited Template 464
Works-Cited Components 464
Optional Elements 467
Sample Works-Cited Entries 468
Books 468
Periodical Articles 470
Interviews and Personal Correspondence 471
Multimedia Works 472
Government Publications, Reference Works, and Other Documents 473
Two or More Works by the Same Author 474
MLA Format Guidelines 475
MLA Format at a Glance 475
Whole-Paper Format and Printing Issues 476
Typographical Issues 477
Page-Layout Issues 478
Formatting Non-Print Media 479
Sample MLA Paper 479
Sample Paper: Format, In-Text
Citation, and Works-Cited List 480
Sample: “Consequences of Childhood
Staples: Do Barbies and Disney
Princesses Do More Harm Than
Good to Girls’ Self-Esteem?,” Annie Sears 480
MLA Style: Applications 490
Learning-Objectives Checklist 490
24 APA Style 491
APA Documentation: Quick
Guide 492
In-Text Citation: The Basics 492
References: The Basics 493
Guidelines for In-Text Citations 494
The Form of an Entry 494
Points to Remember 494
Sample In-Text Citations 494
Guidelines for APA References 498
Sample Reference Entries 499
Books and Other Documents 499
Print Periodical Articles 502
Online Sources 504
Other Sources (Primary, Personal,
and Multimedia) 507
APA Format Guidelines 509
Sample APA Paper 510
Sample: “The Silent Sibling: How
Current Autism Intervention
Neglects Typically-Developing
Siblings,” Julia Sweigert 510
Sample Title Page 510
Sample Abstract 511
APA Style: Applications 520
Learning-Objectives Checklist 520
Handbook
25 Understanding Grammar 523
Noun 523
Classes of Nouns 523
Forms of Nouns 524
Exercises 526
Pronoun 527
Classes of Pronouns 528
Forms of Personal Pronouns 529
Exercises 531
Verb 532
Classes of Verbs 532
Forms of Verbs 533
Verbals 536
Irregular Verbs 537
Exercises 538
Adjective 539
Adverb 540
Preposition 541
Conjunction 542
Interjection 542
Exercises 543
26 Constructing Sentences 545
Using Subjects and Predicates 545
The Subject 545
The Predicate (Verb) 547
Exercises 548
Using Phrases 549
Types of Phrases 549
Using Clauses 551
Types of Clauses 551
Using Sentence Variety 552
Kinds of Sentences 552
Structure of Sentences 553
Exercises 554
27 Avoiding Sentence Errors 555
Subject–Verb Agreement 555
Pronoun–Antecedent Agreement 559
Exercises 560
Shifts in Sentence Construction 561
Fragments, Comma Splices, and
Run-Ons 562
Exercises 564
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers 565
Exercises 567
Nonstandard Language 568
Exercises 569
Avoiding Sentence Problems Review 570
28 Marking Punctuation 571
Period 571
Ellipsis 572
Question Mark 573
Exercises 574
Comma 575
Exercises 580
Semicolon 581
Colon 582
Hyphen 583
Dash 585
Exercises 586
Quotation Marks 587
Italics (Underlining) 589
Parentheses 590
Diagonal 590
Brackets 591
Exclamation Point 591
Apostrophe 592
Exercises 594
29 Checking Mechanics 595
Capitalization 595
Exercises 599
Plurals 600
Numbers 602
Exercises 604
Abbreviations 605
Acronyms and Initialisms 607
Exercises 608
Basic Spelling Rules 609
Commonly Misspelled Words 610
Steps to Becoming a Better Speller 615
Exercises 616
30 Using the Right Word 617
Exercises 620
Exercises 624
Exercises 628
Exercises 632
31 Multilingual and ESL Guidelines 633
Five Parts of Speech 633
Noun 633
Articles and Other Noun
Markers 634
Exercises 636
Verb 637
Objects and Complements of Verbs 638
Exercises 643
Adjective 644
Adverb 645
Preposition 646
Exercises 647
Understanding Sentence Basics 648
Sentence Problems 649
Exercises 651
Numbers, Word Parts, and Idioms 652
Numbers 652
Prefixes, Suffixes, and Roots 653
Exercises 654
Idioms 655
Exercises 658
Mixed Review Exercises 659
Index 665