A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14th Edition
By Patrick J Hurley
Contents:
Preface xi
1 Basic Concepts 1
1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions 1
Exercise 1.1 6
1.2 Recognizing Arguments 12
Exercise 1.2 21
1.3 Deduction and Induction 29
Exercise 1.3 35
1.4 Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, and Cogency 39
Exercise 1.4 48
1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity 52
Exercise 1.5 56
1.6 Extended Arguments 58
Exercise 1.6 62
2 Language: Meaning and Definition 70
2.1 Varieties of Meaning 70
Exercise 2.1 74
2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms 80
Exercise 2.2 83
2.3 Definitions and Their Purposes 84
Exercise 2.3 89
2.4 Definitional Techniques 92
Exercise 2.4 97
2.5 Criteria for Lexical Definitions 101
Exercise 2.5 103
3 Informal Fallacies 107
3.1 Fallacies in General 107
Exercise 3.1 109
3.2 Fallacies of Relevance 110
Exercise 3.2 120
3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction 125
Exercise 3.3 135
3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity,
and Illicit Transference 141
Exercise 3.4 152
3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language 159
Exercise 3.5 164
4 Categorical Propositions 175
4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions 175
Exercise 4.1 178
4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution 179
Exercise 4.2 182
4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of
Opposition 183
Exercise 4.3 193
4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition 194
Exercise 4.4 200
4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition 203
Exercise 4.5 208
4.6 Venn Diagrams and the Traditional
Standpoint 213
Exercise 4.6 217
4.7 Translating Ordinary Language Statements into
Categorical Form 219
Exercise 4.7 224
5 Categorical Syllogisms 231
5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure 231
Exercise 5.1 235
5.2 Venn Diagrams 238
Exercise 5.2 245
5.3 Rules and Fallacies 248
Exercise 5.3 253
5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms 255
Exercise 5.4 257
5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments 258
Exercise 5.5 260
5.6 Enthymemes 261
Exercise 5.6 263
5.7 Sorites 266
Exercise 5.7 269
6 Propositional Logic 275
6.1 Symbols and Translation 275
Exercise 6.1 283
6.2 Truth Functions 287
Exercise 6.2 294
6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions 296
Exercise 6.3 301
6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments 304
Exercise 6.4 306
6.5 Indirect Truth Tables 310
Exercise 6.5 316
6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies 318
Exercise 6.6 327
7 Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic 336
7.1 Rules of Implication I 336
Exercise 7.1 341
7.2 Rules of Implication II 347
Exercise 7.2 350
7.3 Rules of Replacement I 355
Exercise 7.3 359
7.4 Rules of Replacement II 366
Exercise 7.4 369
7.5 Conditional Proof 377
Exercise 7.5 380
7.6 Indirect Proof 382
Exercise 7.6 384
7.7 Proving Logical Truths 387
Exercise 7.7 388
8 Predicate Logic 390
8.1 Symbols and Translation 390
Exercise 8.1 396
8.2 Using the Rules of Inference 398
Exercise 8.2 404
8.3 Quantifier Negation Rule 408
Exercise 8.3 411
8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof 413
Exercise 8.4 415
8.5 Proving Invalidity 418
Exercise 8.5 421
8.6 Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers 423
Exercise 8.6 429
8.7 Identity 432
Exercise 8.7 439
9 Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning 447
9.1 Analogical Reasoning 447
9.2 Legal Reasoning 450
9.3 Moral Reasoning 453
Exercise 9 457
10 Causality and Mill’s Methods 467
10.1 “Cause” and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 467
10.2 Mill’s Five Methods 469
10.3 Mill’s Methods and Science 477
Exercise 10 482
11 Probability 490
11.1 Theories of Probability 490
11.2 The Probability Calculus 494
Exercise 11 502
12 Statistical Reasoning 506
12.1 Evaluating Statistics 506
12.2 Samples 507
12.3 The Meaning of “Average” 511
12.4 Dispersion 512
12.5 Graphs and Pictograms 516
12.6 Percentages 518
Exercise 12 520
13 Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning 526
13.1 The Hypothetical Method 526
13.2 Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from
Science 529
13.3 The Proof of Hypotheses 534
13.4 The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses 536
Exercise 13 538
14 Science and Superstition 543
14.1 Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition 543
14.2 Evidentiary Support 544
14.3 Objectivity 548
14.4 Integrity 552
14.5 Abusing Science 556
Exercise 14 560
Answers to Selected Exercises 571
Glossary/Index 615