Criminology in Canada: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies, 8th Edition
By Larry J Siegel, Chris McCormick
Contents:
Preface xv
About the Authors xxiii
Section 1
Concepts of Crime, Law, and
Criminology 1
Chapter 1
Crime and Criminology 2
Introduction 3
What Is Criminology? 4
Criminology and Criminal Justice 5
Criminology and Deviance 5
Key Court Case: R. v. Sharpe (2001) 7
Concept Summary 1.1: Criminology, Criminal Justice, and
Deviance 7
A Brief History of Criminology 7
Classical Criminology 8
19th-Century Positivism 8
Positivist Criminology 9
Cesare Lombroso and the Criminal Man 9
The Development of Sociological Criminology 10
The Chicago School and the McGill School 11
Conflict Criminology 11
Criminology Today 11
Concept Summary 1.2: The Major Perspectives of
Criminology 12
What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise 12
Criminal Statistics 12
Concept Summary 1.3: The Criminological Enterprise 13
Sociology of Law 13
Theory Construction 14
Criminal Behaviour Systems 14
Penology 14
Victimology 14
How Do Criminologists View Crime? 15
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Unmarked Burials Found at
Former Residential School 15
The Consensus View of Crime 16
The Conflict View of Crime 16
The Interactionist View of Crime 16
Defining Crime 17
Concept Summary 1.4: The Definition of Crime Affects
How Criminologists View the Cause and Control of Illegal
Behaviour and Shapes Their Research Orientation 17
The Politics of Crime 18
Doing Criminology 18
Survey Research 18
Longitudinal (Cohort) Research 18
Aggregate Data Research 19
Experimental Research 19
Focus on Research: Canadian Crime Trends, 2019 20
Analyzing Policy 21
Observational and Interview Research 21
Ethical Issues in Criminology 21
Profile of a Crime: Canada’s Deadliest
Serial Killers 22
Summary 23
Applying Criminology 24
Chapter 2
The Criminal Law and Its Process 27
Introduction 28
The Origins of Law 28
Early Legal Codes 28
Early Crime, Punishment, and Law 29
Origins of Common Law 29
The Common Law 30
Common Law and Statutory Law 31
Concept Summary 2.1: Common-Law Crimes 31
The Development of Law in Canada 32
Classification of Law 33
Criminal and Civil Law 33
Indictable and Summary Offences 34
Mala in Se and Mala Prohibitum 35
Functions of the Criminal Law 35
Providing Social Control 35
Discouraging Revenge 37
Expressing Public Opinion and Morality 37
Deterring Criminal Behaviour 37
Focus on Research: What Happens When People Go Outside
the Law to Uphold Justice 38
Maintaining the Social Order 39
The Legal Definition of a Crime 40
Actus Reus 40
Mens Rea 40
Strict Liability 41
Criminal Defences 41
Ignorance or Mistake 41
Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental
Disorder 41
Intoxication 43
Duress 43
Necessity 43
Self-Defence 44
Entrapment 44
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 44
Profile of a Crime: Wrongfully Convicted 46
Changing the Criminal Law 47
Key Court Case: Legal Rights and the Charter 48
Summary 51
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Lobster Fishery Dispute and
the Rule of Law 52
Applying Criminology 52
Chapter 3
The Nature and Extent of Crime 55
Introduction 56
The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) 56
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: The Pandemic and Crime
Patterns, 2020 57
Collecting the UCR 57
The Accuracy of the UCR 60
Self-Report Surveys 63
Concept Summary 3.1: Data Collection Methods 63
The Focus of Self-Reports 63
The Accuracy of Self-Reports 64
The “Missing Cases” Issue 64
Victim Surveys 65
Are Crime Statistics Sources Compatible? 66
Alternative Sources of Information 67
Explaining Crime Trends 68
Focus on Research: The Politics of Statistics 71
What the Future Holds 76
Profile of a Crime: A Serial Killer Stalked Toronto’s Gay
Village 77
Tertiary Sources of Crime Data 78
Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review 78
Data-Mining 78
Crime-Mapping 78
Crime Patterns 79
The Ecology of Crime 79
Social Class and Crime 80
Age and Crime 81
Key Court Case: The Murder of Reena Virk 82
Gender and Crime 84
Criminal Careers 86
Summary 89
Applying Criminology 89
Chapter 4
Victims and Victimization 96
Introduction 97
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Police Shootings and the
Reaction 98
Problems of Crime Victims: Loss and Suffering 99
The Perception of the Risk of Being a Victim 100
Problems of Crime Victims: Antisocial Behaviour 102
The Nature of Victimization 102
The Social Ecology of Victimization 103
Victim Characteristics 103
Repeat Victimization 107
Profile of a Crime: A Woman Who Killed 108
Theories of Victimization 109
Victim Precipitation Theory 109
Key Court Case: R. v. Keegstra 112
Lifestyle Theories 114
Routine Activities Theory 116
Caring for the Victim 118
The Government’s Response 120
Victim Impact Statements 120
Victim Compensation 121
Court Services 121
Public Education 121
Focus on Research: The Impact of Wrongful Convictions on
Crime Victims 122
Crisis Intervention 123
Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs 123
Victims’ Rights 123
Focus On Research: Victims’ Rights 124
Self-Protection 124
Reasons for Not Reporting Crime 124
Fighting Back 125
Community Organization 126
Summary 126
Applying Criminology 127
Concept Summary 4.1: Victim Theories 127
Section 2
Theories of Crime Causation 133
Chapter 5
Choice Theory 134
Introduction 135
The Development of Classical Theory 135
Choice Theory Emerges 136
Does Crime Pay? 137
The Concepts of Rational Choice 137
Profile of a Crime: The Curious Career Choice of Edwin
Alonzo Boyd 138
Offence and Offender Specifications 138
Rational Choice and Routine Activities 139
Is Crime Rational? 143
Are Street Crimes Rational? 143
Focus on Research: How Auto Thieves Plan Their
Crimes 144
Is Drug Use Rational? 145
Can Violence Be Rational? 145
What Are the Seductions of Crime? 145
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: MAID and the Right to
Choose 146
Eliminating Crime 146
Situational Crime Prevention 146
Concept Summary 5.1: Crime Control Strategies Based on
Rational Choice 148
Crime Prevention Strategies 148
Targeting Specific Crimes 149
Crime Discouragers 150
Ramifications of Situational Prevention 151
General Deterrence 151
Certainty of Punishment 151
Severity of Punishment 153
Perception and Deterrence 154
Informal Sanctions 154
Public Surveillance 155
General Deterrence in Review 157
Specific Deterrence in Review 157
Pain versus Shame 158
Rethinking Deterrence 160
Key Court Case: Effects of the Charter on Deterrence 160
Incapacitation Strategies 161
The Logic of Incarceration 161
Selective Incapacitation: The Special Case of Three
Strikes and You’re Out 162
Policy Implications of Choice Theory 162
Concept Summary 5.2: Choice Theories 163
Summary 164
Applying Criminology 164
Chapter 6
Trait Theories 171
Introduction 172
Biological Trait Theory 173
Development of Biological Theories 173
Biochemical Conditions and Crime 175
Concept Summary 6.1: Biosocial Theories of Crime 175
Focus on Research: Diet and Crime: An International
Perspective 176
Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime 179
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Environmental Factors
Implicated in Crime 180
Genetics and Crime 182
Focus on Research: Teenage Behaviour: Is It the Brain? 183
Evolutionary Views of Crime 184
Evaluation of the Biological Branch
of Trait Theory 185
Psychological Trait Theories 186
Psychodynamic Perspective 186
Concept Summary 6.2: Psychological Trait Theories 186
Profile of a Crime: Kenneth Parks, Sleepwalker 188
Behavioural Theories 189
Key Court Case: Women and Insanity in Canadian
Society 190
Cognitive Theory 191
Mental Illness and Crime 192
Personality and Crime 192
Intelligence and Crime 195
Social Policy Implications 197
Summary 198
Concept Summary 6.3: Biological and Psychological
Theories 199
Applying Criminology 200
Chapter 7
Social Structure Theories 207
Introduction 208
Sociological Criminology 208
Economic Structure and Crime 209
Inequality 209
Are the Poor Undeserving? 211
Unemployment and Crime 211
Profile of a Crime: Seeds of Hope at the Missing and
Murdered Indigenous Women Inquiry 212
Branches of Social Structure Theory 212
Social Disorganization Theory 214
Concentric Zone Theory 214
The Social Ecology School 216
Focus on Research: Carl Dawson and the McGill School 218
Concept Summary 7.1: Social Disorganization Theories 222
Strain Theory 222
Anomie Theory 222
Profile of a Crime: Women Who Kill Their Children 224
Institutional Anomie Theory 224
Relative Deprivation Theory 225
Key Court Case: Henry Morgentaler 226
General Strain Theory 227
Concept Summary 7.2: Strain Theories 231
Cultural Deviance Theory 231
Conduct Norms 231
Focal Concerns 231
Theory of Delinquent Subcultures 232
Theory of Differential Opportunity 234
Concept Summary 7.3: Cultural Deviance Theories 235
Evaluation of Social Structure Theories 236
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Muskrat Falls and the
Controversy over Hydro Development 236
Social Structure Theory and Social Policy 237
Community Policing 237
Summary 238
Applying Criminology 238
Concept Summary 7.4: Social Structure Theories 239
Chapter 8
Social Process Theories 245
Introduction 246
Social Processes and Crime 246
Family Relations 246
Educational Experience 248
Peer Relations 249
Institutional Involvement and Belief 250
Branches of Social Process Theory 250
Social Learning Theory 251
Differential Association Theory 251
Profile of a Crime: Brock Turner 252
Differential Reinforcement Theory 254
Neutralization Theory 255
Are Social Learning Theories Valid? 257
Social Control Theories 257
Self-Concept and Crime 257
Containment Theory 257
Social Control Theory 258
Profile of a Crime: Fateful Turns in the Difficult Life Course
of Tyrone Conn 261
Labelling Theory 261
Crime and Labelling Theory 262
Differential Enforcement 262
Becoming Labelled 264
Consequences of Labelling 264
Primary and Secondary Deviance 264
General Theory of Deviance 265
Differential Social Control 265
Research on Labelling Theory 266
Is Labelling Theory Valid? 266
Key Court Case: John Martin Crawford 267
New Directions in an Integrated Developmental Theory 267
Focus on Research: Women, Desistance, and Fearful
Futures 268
Overview of Integrated Theories 269
The Social Development Model (SDM) 269
Elliott’s Integrated Theory 270
Integrated Structural Marxist Theory 271
The Glueck Research 271
Life Course Emerges 271
An Evaluation of Social Process Theory 272
Social Process Theory and Social Policy 272
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Systemic Racism and
Changing Perceptions 273
Summary 274
Concept Summary 8.1: Social Process Theories 275
Applying Criminology 276
Chapter 9
Social Conflict Theory 284
Introduction 285
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Capitalism Destroys the
Planet 287
Marxist Thought 287
Productive Forces and Productive Relations 287
Marx on Crime 288
Developing a Social Conflict Theory of Crime 288
Willem Bonger 288
Ralf Dahrendorf 288
George Vold 288
Modern Conflict Theory 288
Conflict Criminology 289
Research on Conflict Theory 291
Focus on Research: Wrongful Convictions 293
Key Court Case: R. v. Gladue 294
Profile of a Crime: The Case of Colten Boushie 295
Analysis of Conflict Theory 295
Marxist Criminology 296
The Development of a Radical Criminology 297
Fundamentals of Marxist Criminology 297
Economic Structure and Surplus Value 298
Instrumental Marxism 298
Structural Marxism 299
Research on Marxist Criminology 300
Critique of Marxist Criminology 301
Other Directions in Critical Criminology 302
Left Realism 303
Feminist Theory 304
Deconstructionism 307
Restorative Justice 308
Peacemaking Criminology 309
Summary 310
Applying Criminology 310
Concept Summary 9.1: Social Conflict Theories 311
Section 3
Crime Typologies 317
Chapter 10
Violent Crime 318
Introduction 319
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: London, Ontario,
Van Attack 320
The Roots of Violence 321
Profile of a Crime: Two Killers 321
Personal Traits 322
Ineffective Families 322
Evolutionary Factors/Human Instinct 323
Cultural Values 323
Regional Values 323
Substance Abuse 324
Firearm Availability 324
Sexual Assault 325
History of Rape 326
Sexual Assault and the Military 326
Incidence of Sexual Assault 326
Types of Rapists 327
Types of Rape 328
The Cause of Sexual Assault 328
Focus on Research: Masculinity and Sexual Violence among
the Urban Poor 329
Sexual Assault and the Law 329
Homicide 330
Degrees of Homicide 330
Key Court Case: Arthur Lucas and Ronald Turpin 331
The Nature and Extent of Homicide 332
Murderous Relations 332
Homicide Networks 334
Types of Murderers 334
Serial Homicide 335
Assault 337
Assault in the Home 337
Causes of Child Abuse 338
Spouse Abuse 339
Robbery 340
The Ecology of Robbery 340
Robber Typologies 341
Evolving Forms of Violence 341
Workplace Violence 341
School Violence 342
Summary 343
Applying Criminology 343
Chapter 11
Property Crimes 349
Introduction 350
Some Basic Patterns 350
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Fairy Creek and Competing
Definitions of Commodity 351
A Brief History of Theft 352
Modern Thieves 352
Occasional Criminals 353
Professional Criminals 353
Focus on Research: On the Run 354
The Non-professional Fence 356
Theft 357
Theft Today 358
Shoplifting 358
Auto Theft 360
False Pretences or Fraud 363
Identity Theft 365
Bad Cheques 367
Computer Fraud 367
Credit Card Fraud 368
Embezzlement 368
Break and Enter 369
The Extent of Break and Enter 369
Careers in Burglary 370
Burglars on the Job 370
The Female Burglar 371
Arson and Vandalism 372
Key Court Case: Arson and a Wrongful Conviction 373
Profile of a Crime: Protesting for the Environment: Arson,
Vandalism, and the Case of Wiebo Ludwig 374
Cybervandalism: Crime with Malicious Intent 374
Summary 375
Applying Criminology 375
Chapter 12
Crimes of Power: White-Collar, Corporate,
Green, and Organized Crime 380
Introduction 381
White-Collar Crime 383
Redefining White-Collar Crime 383
The White-Collar Crime Problem 383
International White-Collar Crime 383
Components of White-Collar Crime 384
Types of White-Collar Crime 385
Stings and Swindles 385
Chiselling 385
Individual Exploitation of Institutional Position 386
Influence Peddling and Bribery 387
Embezzlement and Employee Fraud 387
Client Frauds 389
Corporate Crime 389
Focus on Research: Is Chicken Farming Foul? 391
Green Criminology 391
Key Court Case: Deepwater Horizon 392
Defining Green Crime 394
Forms of Green Crime 395
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Wet’suwet’en Protest against
Pipeline 395
The Causes of White-Collar Crime 398
Greedy or Needy? 398
Corporate Culture Theory 398
The Self-Control View 399
Controlling White-Collar Crime 399
White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems 400
Corporate Policing 400
White-Collar Control Strategies: Compliance 400
White-Collar Control Strategies: Deterrence 401
Organized Crime 402
Characteristics of Organized Crime 402
Activities of Organized Crime 402
Organized Crime and Legitimate Enterprise 403
The Concept of Organized Crime 403
The Development of a Syndicate 403
Organized Crime Groups 404
Transnational Organized Crime 405
Profile of a Crime: Human Trafficking 406
Controlling Organized Crime 408
The Future of Organized Crime 408
Summary 409
Applying Criminology 410
Chapter 13
Public Order Crimes: Legislating
Morality 415
Introduction 416
Law and Morality 416
Debating Morality 417
Profile of a Crime: The Case of Everett Klippert 417
Criminal or Immoral? 418
Moral Crusades 418
Illegal Sexuality 419
Paraphilia 419
Sex Work 419
Pornography 422
Distributing Illegal Sexual Material 423
Controlling Sex for Profit 424
Substance Abuse 424
When Did Drug Use Begin? 425
Alcohol and Its Prohibition 425
Commonly Used and Abused Drugs 426
The Extent of Substance Abuse 428
AIDS and Drug Use 430
The Cause of Substance Abuse 431
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: The Opioid Epidemic 432
Drugs and Crime 433
Research Methods 433
The Cycle of Addiction 434
Drugs and the Law 434
Alcohol Abuse 435
Drug Control Strategies 435
Source Control 435
Focus on Research: Drug Courts 436
Law Enforcement Strategies 436
Community Strategies 437
Drug Testing Programs 437
Legalization 438
Other Issues 439
Euthanasia 439
Gambling 439
Key Court Case: Sue Rodriguez 440
Prostitution 442
Cannabis (Marijuana) 442
Summary 443
Applying Criminology 443
Chapter 14
Crimes in the 21st Century 449
Introduction 450
The Nature of Political Crimes 450
Becoming a Political Criminal 451
Types of Political Crimes 451
Development of High-Tech Crime 452
Profile of a Crime: Edward Snowden 453
Crime, Conflict, and Disorder: Dark Commerce: Globalization
and Crime 454
Cybercrime: An Overview 455
Cybercrime 455
Cybertheft: Cybercrime for Profit 455
Cybervandalism: Cybercrime with Malicious Intent 459
Cyberstalking 462
Cyberbullying 463
Cyberspying 464
Cyberwarfare: Cybercrime with Political Motives 465
The Extent and Costs of Cybercrime 465
International Treaties 466
Key Court Case: The Lost Boy Case 466
Cybercrime Enforcement 467
Concept Summary 14.1: Types of Cybercrime 467
Terrorism 467
A Historical Perspective on Terrorism 468
Focus on Research: Transnational Terrorism 468
Forms of Terrorism 469
How Are Terrorist Groups Organized? 472
Funding Terrorist Activities 473
What Motivates Terrorists? 473
Cyberterrorism: Using Cyberspace to
Inflict Terror 474
The Extent of Terrorism 475
Responses to Terrorism since 9/11 476
Summary 477
Applying Criminology 477
Glossary 481
Index 487