Zoology, Twelfth Edition
Stephen A. Miller and Todd A. Tupper
Contents
Preface xi
CHAPTER 1
ZOOLOGY: AN EVOLUTIONARY AND ECOLOGICAL
PERSPECTIVE 1
Chapter Outline 1
Introduction to Zoology 1
Zoology: An Evolutionary Perspective 2
Zoology: An Ecological Perspective 4
WILDLIFE ALERT 6
Summary 8
Review and Apply 9
CHAPTER 2
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ANIMAL
CELLS 10
Chapter Outline 10
Cells: The Common Unit of All Life 10
Cellular Membranes and Membrane Transport 12
Energy, Enzymes, and Reactions 16
Cellular Respiration 17
The Nucleus, Ribosomes, and Vaults 21
The Endomembrane System 22
Peroxisomes 24
The Cytoskeleton and Cellular Movement 24
Levels of Organization in an Animal 26
Summary 27
Review and Apply 28
CHAPTER 3
CELL DIVISION AND INHERITANCE 29
Chapter Outline 29
Eukaryotic Chromosomes 29
The Cell Cycle and Mitotic Cell Division 32
Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction 34
DNA: The Genetic Material 36
Inheritance Patterns in Animals 42
WILDLIFE ALERT 49
Summary 50
Review and Apply 50
CHAPTER 4
EVOLUTION: HISTORY AND EVIDENCE 52
Chapter Outline 52
Organic Evolution and Pre-Darwinian Theories
of Change 52
Darwin’s Early Years and His Journey 53
Early Development of Darwin’s Ideas of
Evolution 53
The Theory of Evolution By Natural Selection 57
Geological Time and Mass Extinctions 60
Microevolution, Macroevolution, and Evidence of
Macroevolutionary Change 61
Summary 69
Review and Apply 69
CHAPTER 5
EVOLUTION AND GENE FREQUENCIES 70
Chapter Outline 70
Populations and Gene Pools 70
Must Evolution Happen? 71
Evolutionary Mechanisms 71
Species and Speciation 78
Rates of Evolution 80
Molecular Evolution 81
Summary 83
Review and Apply 83
CHAPTER 6
ECOLOGY: PRESERVING THE ANIMAL
KINGDOM 85
Chapter Outline 85
Animals and Their Abiotic Environment 85
Biotic Factors: Populations 87
Biotic Factors: Interspecific Interactions 89
Communities 91
Trophic Structure of Ecosystems 92
Cycling within Ecosystems 95
Ecological Problems 95
Summary 101
Review and Apply 101
CHAPTER 7
ANIMAL TAXONOMY, PHYLOGENY, AND
ORGANIZATION 103
Chapter Outline 103
Taxonomy and Phylogeny 103
Animal Organization 111
Summary 115
Review and Apply 116
CHAPTER 8
ANIMAL ORIGINS AND PHYLOGENETIC
HIGHLIGHTS 117
Chapter Outline 117
Earth’s Beginning and Evidence of Early Life 117
Life’s Beginning and the First 3 Billion Years 118
Multicellularity and Animal Origins 122
Phylogenetic Highlights of Animalia 126
Summary 128
Review and Apply 129
CHAPTER 9
THE BASAL ANIMAL PHYLA 130
Chapter Outline 130
Evolutionary Perspective 130
Phylum Porifera 132
Phylum Cnidaria 137
Phylum Ctenophora 147
WILDLIFE ALERT 149
Evolutionary Connections 150
Summary 152
Review and Apply 153
CHAPTER 10
THE SMALLER SPIRALIAN PHYLA 154
Chapter Outline 154
Evolutionary Perspective 154
Lophotrochozoa: Phylum Platyhelminthes 156
Lophotrochozoa: Smaller Phyla 167
Gnathifera 171
Evolutionary Connections 178
Summary 179
Review and Apply 179
CHAPTER 11
MOLLUSCAN SUCCESS 181
Chapter Outline 181
Evolutionary Perspective 181
Molluscan Characteristics 181
Class Gastropoda 184
Class Bivalvia 188
Class Cephalopoda 193
Class Polyplacophora 197
Class Scaphopoda 198
Class Monoplacophora 198
Class Solenogastres 198
Class Caudofoveata 199
Evolutionary Connections 199
WILDLIFE ALERT 200
Summary 202
Review and Apply 202
CHAPTER 12
ANNELIDA: THE METAMERIC BODY
FORM 204
Chapter Outline 204
Evolutionary Perspective 204
Annelid Structure and Function 208
Clade (Class) Errantia 212
Clade (Class) Sedentaria 214
WILDLIFE ALERT 216
Basal Annelid Groups 221
Evolutionary Connections 222
Summary 223
Review and Apply 224
CHAPTER 13
THE SMALLER ECDYSOZOAN
PHYLA 225
Chapter Outline 225
Evolutionary Perspective 225
Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms) 226
Other Ecdysozoan Phyla 233
Evolutionary Connections 236
Summary 237
Review and Apply 237
CHAPTER 14
THE ARTHROPODS: BLUEPRINT FOR SUCCESS 238
Chapter Outline 238
Evolutionary Perspective 238
Metamerism and Tagmatization 241
The Exoskeleton 241
The Hemocoel 243
Metamorphosis 243
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha 243
Subphylum Chelicerata 244
Evolutionary Connections 252
Summary 254
Review and Apply 254
CHAPTER 15
THE MANDIBULATA: PANCRUSTACEA AND
MYRIAPODA 256
Chapter Outline 256
Evolutionary Perspective 256
Crustacea: The Non-Hexapod Pancrustacea 257
WILDLIFE ALERT 264
Hexapoda 265
Myriapoda 279
Evolutionary Connections 281
Summary 282
Review and Apply 283
CHAPTER 16
AMBULACRARIA: ECHINODERMS AND
HEMICHORDATES 284
Chapter Outline 284
Evolutionary Perspective 284
Phylum Echinodermata 285
Phylum Hemichordata 296
WILDLIFE ALERT 297
Evolutionary Connections 299
Summary 301
Review and Apply 302
CHAPTER 17
CHORDATA: UROCHORDATA AND
CEPHALOCHORDATA 303
Chapter Outline 303
Evolutionary Perspective 303
Phylum Chordata 304
Evolutionary Connections 309
Summary 311
Review and Apply 312
CHAPTER 18
THE FISHES: VERTEBRATE SUCCESS IN
WATER 313
Chapter Outline 313
Evolutionary Perspective 313
Survey of Fishes 316
Evolutionary Pressures 322
WILDLIFE ALERT 329
Evolutionary Connections 330
Summary 333
Review and Apply 334
CHAPTER 19
AMPHIBIANS: THE FIRST TERRESTRIAL
VERTEBRATES 335
Chapter Outline 335
Evolutionary Perspective 335
Survey of Amphibians 337
Evolutionary Pressures 341
Amphibians in Peril 349
WILDLIFE ALERT 350
Evolutionary Connections 351
Summary 352
Review and Apply 352
CHAPTER 20
NONAVIAN REPTILES: DIAPSID
AMNIOTES 353
Chapter Outline 353
Evolutionary Perspective 353
Survey of the Nonavian Reptiles 355
WILDLIFE ALERT 361
Evolutionary Pressures 362
Evolutionary Connections 369
Summary 369
Review and Apply 370
CHAPTER 21
BIRDS: THE AVIAN REPTILES 371
Chapter Outline 371
Evolutionary Perspective 371
Evolutionary Pressures 376
Declining Populations 387
WILDLIFE ALERT 388
Summary 389
Review and Apply 389
CHAPTER 22
MAMMALS: SYNAPSID AMNIOTES 390
Chapter Outline 390
Evolutionary Perspective 390
Diversity of Mammals 392
Evolutionary Pressures 395
WILDLIFE ALERT 406
Human Evolution 407
Summary 414
Review and Apply 414
CHAPTER 23
PROTECTION, SUPPORT, AND MOVEMENT 415
Chapter Outline 415
Integumentary Systems 415
Skeletal Systems 419
Nonmuscular Movement and Muscular Systems 424
Summary 431
Review and Apply 432
CHAPTER 24
COMMUNICATION I: NERVOUS AND SENSORY
SYSTEMS 433
Chapter Outline 433
Neurons: The Basic Functional Units of the Nervous
System 433
Neuron Communication 435
Invertebrate Nervous Systems 437
Vertebrate Nervous Systems 440
Sensory Reception 444
Invertebrate Sensory Receptors 445
Vertebrate Sensory Receptors 449
Summary 458
Review and Apply 459
CHAPTER 25
COMMUNICATION II: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
AND CHEMICAL MESSENGERS 460
Chapter Outline 460
The Evolution and Diversity of Chemical Messengers 460
Hormones and Their Feedback Systems 462
Mechanisms of Hormone Action 463
Endocrine Glands 464
Invertebrate Endocrine Control 465
Endocrine Systems of Fishes and Amphibians 467
Endocrine Systems of Amniotes 469
Some Hormones Are Not Produced by Endocrine Glands 476
Evolution of Endocrine Systems 476
Summary 477
Review and Apply 477
CHAPTER 26
TRANSPORT AND EXCHANGE IN ANIMALS 479
Chapter Outline 479
Transport Processes in Invertebrates 479
Transport Systems in Vertebrates 481
Vertebrate Circulatory Systems 484
The Mammalian Circulatory System 486
Lymphatic Systems 488
Gas Exchange 488
Vertebrate Respiratory Systems 490
The Mammalian Respiratory System 494
Transport of Respiratory Gases 496
Summary 497
Review and Apply 498
CHAPTER 27
NUTRITION AND DIGESTION 499
Chapter Outline 499
Evolution of Heterotrophy 499
The Metabolic Fates of Nutrients in
Heterotrophs 500
Digestion 501
Animal Strategies for Getting and Using Food 501
Diversity in Digestive Structures: Invertebrates 504
Diversity in Digestive Structures: Vertebrates 505
The Mammalian Digestive System 509
The Role of Microbial Communities in Animal
Digestion and Health 515
Summary 516
Review and Apply 517
CHAPTER 28
TEMPERATURE AND BODY FLUID
REGULATION 518
Chapter Outline 518
Homeostasis and Temperature Regulation 518
Control of Water and Electrolytes 526
Invertebrate Excretory Systems 526
Vertebrate Excretory Systems 529
Summary 537
Review and Apply 537
CHAPTER 29
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT 539
Chapter Outline 539
Asexual Reproduction in Invertebrates 539
Sexual Reproduction in Invertebrates 541
Sexual Reproduction in Vertebrates 543
The Human Male Reproductive System 545
The Human Female Reproductive System 547
Prenatal Development and Birth in Humans 553
Summary 557
Review and Apply 557
Appendix A: Major Animal Lineages 560
Appendix B: The History of the Earth: Geological Eons, Eras,
Periods, and Major Biological Events 562
Appendix C: Animal-Like Protists: The Protozoa 564
Evolutionary Perspective 564
Protozoans: Major Ecological Roles 564
Supergroup Excavata 564
Supergroup Amoebozoa 566
Supergroup Chromalveolata 567
Glossary 569
Index 595