Handbook of Diseases of Banana, Abacá and Enset
Edited by David R. Jones
Contents
Contributors xi
The Editor: David Jones xiii
Preface xv
1 INTRODUCTION TO BANANA, ABACÁ AND ENSET 1
D.R. Jones and J.W. Daniells
The Genera Musa and Ensete 1
Banana 2
Abacá 32
Enset 34
2 FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE FOLIAGE 41
Sigatoka Leaf Spots 41
Overview – D.R. Jones 41
Black Leaf Streak – M. Guzmán, L. Pérez-Vicente, J. Carlier,
Abadie, L. de Lapeyre de Bellaire, F. Carreel, D.H. Marín,
R.A. Romero, F. Gauhl, C. Pasberg-Gauhl and D.R. Jones 41
Sigatoka Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones 115
Eumusae Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones, J. Carlier and X. Mourichon 127
Other Leaf Spots 132
Black Cross Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones 132
Cordana Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones 135
Deightoniella Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones, E.O. Lomerio, M. Tessera and A.J. Quimio 138
Eyespot – D.R. Jones, M. Tessera and A.J. Quimio 141
Malayan Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones 142
Pestalotiopsis Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones 144
Phaeoseptoria Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones 145
Pyricularia Leaf Spot – M. Tessera, A.J. Quimio and D.R. Jones 148
Speckles, Freckle and Rust – D.R. Jones 150
Cladosporiun Leaf Speckle 150
Mycosphaerella Leaf Speckle 156
Taiwan Leaf Speckle 159
Tropical Leaf Speckle 161
Freckle 166
Rust 171
3 FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE ROOT, CORM AND PSEUDOSTEM 207
Fusarium Wilt – R.C. Ploetz 207
Armillaria Corm Rot – D.R. Jones 228
Cylindrocladium Root Rot – D.R. Jones 229
Rosellinia Root and Corm Rot – D.R. Jones 232
Damping-off of Musa seedlings – D.R. Jones 233
Deightoniella Pseudostem Rot of Abacá – E.O. Lomerio 233
Fungal Root Rot – D.R. Jones and R.H. Stover 234
Marasmiellus Pseudostem and Root Rot – D.R. Jones and E.O. Lomerio 235
Pseudostem Heart Rot – D.R. Jones and E.O. Lomerio 238
Ceratocystis Corm Rot – D.R. Jones 239
Sclerotium Corm and Pseudostem Rot – D.R. Jones 240
Cephalosporium Infloresence Spot of Enset – M. Tessera and A.J. Quimio 241
4 FUNGAL DISEASES OF BANANA FRUIT 255
Preharvest Diseases – D.R. Jones and R.H. Stover 255
Overview 255
Anthracnose Fruit Rot 255
Brown Spot 256
Cigar-end Rot 257
Tip-end Rot 261
Deightoniella Fruit Speckle 264
Diamond Fruit Spot 266
Freckle 267
Peduncle Rot 268
Pitting 269
Sooty Mould and Sooty Blotch 270
Postharvest Diseases – D.R. Jones and I.F. Muirhead 271
Overview 271
Crown Rot 272
Anthracnose 280
Fungal Scald 285
Stem-end Rot 285
Main-stalk Rot 286
Botryodiplodia Finger Rot 286
Squirter 286
Other Diseases 287
5 DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA AND PHYTOPLASMAS 296
Bacterial Wilt Diseases 296
Xanthomonas Bacterial Wilt – G. Blomme and W. Ocimati 296
Moko Bacterial Wilt and Bugtok – S.J. Eden-Green 314
Blood Bacterial Wilt – S.J. Eden-Green 323
Abacá Bacterial Wilt – D.R. Jones and S.J. Eden-Green 328
Javanese Vascular Disease – D.R. Jones 329
Rhizome and Pseudostem Bacterial Rots – D.R. Jones 329
Overview 329
Bacterial Rhizome Rot and Tip-Over 330
Bacterial Soft Rot of Rhizome and Pseudostem 334
Pseudostem Wet Rot 336
Heart Rot of Abacá 339
Bacterial Leaf Blight and Leaf Spot – D.R. Jones 339
Leaf Blight 339
Black Leaf Spot 339
Bacterial Diseases of Fruit – D.R. Jones 339
Bacterial Finger-tip Rot 339
Phytoplasma Diseases – D.R. Jones 342
6 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES 362
Banana Bunchy Top – J.E. Thomas 362
Abacá Bunchy Top – J.E. Thomas 376
Bract Mosaic – J.E. Thomas, R. Selvarajan, M.-L. Iskra-Caruana,
L.V. Magnaye and D.R. Jones 378
Banana Mosaic – B.E.L. Lockhart, D.R. Jones and J.E. Thomas 384
Abacá Mosaic – J.E. Thomas and L.V. Magnaye 391
Banana Streak – M.L. Iskra-Caruana, J.E. Thomas and M. Chabannes 393
Enset Streak – M. Tessera, A.J. Quimio and D.R. Jones, 409
Banana Mild Mosaic – J.E. Thomas, B.E.L. Lockhart,
M.L. Iskra-Caruana, K.S. Crew and M. Sharman 410
Banana Virus X – K.S. Crew and J.E. Thomas 412
Ampeloviruses – K.S. Crew, S. Massart and J.E. Thomas 413
7 NEMATODE PATHOGENS 429
D.L. Coyne and S. Kidane
Introduction 429
Burrowing Nematode 429
Root-lesion Nematodes 438
Spiral Nematodes 442
Root-knot Nematodes 443
Other Nematodes 448
8 NON-INFECTIOUS DISORDERS OF BANANA 462
Lahav, Y. Israeli, D.R. Jones and R.H. Stover
Overview 462
Plant Disorders 462
Heart Leaf Unfurling Disorder of Plantain 462
High Mat 462
Leaf-edge Chlorosis 463
Roxana Disease 463
Yellow Mat 464
Fruit Disorders 465
Alligator Skin 465
Dark Centre of Ripe Fruit 466
Break Neck 466
Hard Lump 466
Malformed Fingers and Hands 467
Maturity Stain 468
Mixed Ripe Fruit 469
Neer Vazhai 469
Physiological Finger Drop 469
Premature Field Ripening 470
Sinkers 470
Split Peel 471
Uneven De-greening 471
Withered Pedicels 472
Yellow Pulp 472
9 MINERAL DEFICIENCIES OF BANANA 475
Lahav and Y. Israeli
Introduction 475
Nitrogen Deficiency 475
Phosphorus Deficiency 477
Potassium Deficiency 478
Calcium Deficiency 478
Magnesium Deficiency 479
Sulfur Deficiency 481
Manganese Deficiency 481
Iron Deficiency 482
Zinc Deficiency 482
Boron Deficiency 484
Copper Deficiency 484
10 INJURIES TO BANANA CAUSED BY ADVERSE CLIMATE
AND EXTREME WEATHER 487
Israeli and E. Lahav
Introduction 487
Seasonal Winds and Windstorms 488
Low-Temperature 492
Chilling and Frost 498
Hail 502
Heat 503
Solar Radiation 506
Drought 507
Excess Water 512
Lightning Strike 514
Under-peel Discoloration 515
Global Climate Change 516
11 CHEMICAL INJURY TO BANANA 527
Lahav and Y. Israeli
Introduction 527
Injury Caused by Agricultural Chemicals 527
Fertilizers 527
Pest and Disease Control Chemicals 527
Herbicides 530
Disinfectants 535
De-suckering Agents 535
Injury Caused by Elements in Toxic Concentration 536
Sodium and Chlorine 536
Calcium 539
Manganese 539
Iron 539
Boron 540
Copper 541
Aluminium 541
Arsenic 541
Fluorine 541
12 GENETIC ABNORMALITIES OF BANANA 546
Israeli and E. Lahav
Introduction 546
Variations in Stature 547
Abnormal Foliage 551
Variations in Pseudostem Pigmentation 556
Chimeras 558
Inflorescence and Fruit Variations 559
Concluding Remarks 561
13 QUARANTINE AND THE SAFE MOVEMENT OF MUSA GERMPLASM 567
D.R. Jones
Introduction 567
Movement of Pathogens 569
Aspects of Spread of some Major Health Problems 571
Principles of the Safe Movement of Musa Germplasm 577
Development of a System for the Safe Movement of Musa Germplasm 578
Current Recommendations for the Safe Movement of Musa Germplasm 582
Virus Detection and Therapy 583
Results of Virus Indexing at the Virus Indexing Centres 586
Index of Musa and Ensete Species, Banana Subgroups and
Clone Sets, and Banana, Abacá and Enset Cultivars 593
General Index 599