Intentional Interviewing and Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society, Ninth Edition
By Allen E. Ivey, Mary Bradford Ivey, and Carlos P. Zalaquett
CONTENTS
List of Boxes xi
Preface xiii
SECTION I
The Foundations of Counseling and Psychotherapy 1
CHAPTER 1 Intentional Interviewing, Counseling, and Psychotherapy 3
Introduction: Interviewing, Counseling, and Psychotherapy 4
Cultural Intentionality: _e Flexible, Aware, and Skilled Counselor 8
Resilience and Self-Actualization 10
Microskills Hierarchy: _e Listening and Action Skills of the Helping Process 11
Neuroscience and Neurobiology: Implications of Cutting-Edge Science for the Future
of Counseling and Psychotherapy 16
Office, Community, Phone, and Internet: Where Do We Meet Clients? 19
Your Natural Helping Style: Establishing Your Baseline 20
Key Points: Art of Applying and Taking Action As You Work _rough _is Book 23
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 25
CHAPTER 2 Ethics, Multicultural Competence, Neuroscience, and Positive
Psychology/Resilience 27
Introduction: Ethics and the Counseling and Psychotherapy Process 28
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Ethics, Multicultural Competence, Positive Psychology,
and erapeutic Lifestyle Changes 30
Awareness, Knowledge, Skills, and Action for Multicultural Competence 38
Positive Psychology and erapeutic Lifestyle Changes: Building Client Resilience 43
Action: Key Points and Practice of Ethics, Multicultural Competence, Positive Psychology,
and erapeutic Lifestyle Changes 51
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 53
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 54
CHAPTER 3 Attending and Empathy Skills 56
Introduction: Attending Behavior: _e Foundational Skill of Listening 57
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Attending Behavior and Empathy Skills 58
Empathy: Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills 66
Neuroscience and Empathy 68
Observe: Attending Behavior and Empathy in Action 70
Attending and Empathy in Challenging Situations 73
* Samurai Effect, Magic, and the Importance of Practice to Mastery 74
Action: Key Points and Practice of Attending Behavior and Empathy Skills 76
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 77
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 81
CHAPTER 4 Observation Skills 83
Introduction: Are You a Good Observer? 84
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: Principles for Observation 85
Nonverbal Behavior 85
Verbal Behavior 90
Observe: Is _is Interview About Studying or Racial Harassment? 94
Discrepancies, Mixed Messages, and Conflict 97
Action: Key Points and Practice of Observation Skills 99
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 100
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 104
SECTION II
The Basic Listening Sequence: Organizing a Session to Be More Fully
Empathic and to Promote Creative Solutions 107
CHAPTER 5 Questions: Opening Communication 109
Introduction: Questions 110
Awareness, Knowledge and Skills: Questions for Results 112
Observe: Questions in the Interview 116
Multiple Applications of Questions 119
Action: Key Points and Practice of Questions 124
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 125
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 129
CHAPTER 6 Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing: Active Listening and
Cognition 132
Introduction: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing 133
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing 135
Basic Techniques and Strategies of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing 136
Observe: Listening Skills and Children 139
Multiple Applications: Additional Functions of the Skills of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing 143
Multicultural Issues in Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing 144
Practice, Practice, and Practice 147
Action: Key Points and Practice of Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing 148
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 149
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 152
CHAPTER 7 Reacting Feelings: The Heart of Empathic Understanding 154
Introduction: Reflection of Feeling 155
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: _e Emotional Basis of Counseling
and _erapy 157
* Skill Dimensions of Reflection of Feeling 160
Observe: Reflecting Feelings in Action 164
Multiple Applications of Reflecting Feelings 166
Action: Key Points and Practice 170
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 172
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 175
CHAPTER 8 How to Conduct a Five-Stage Counseling Session Using Only
Listening Skills 178
Introduction: _e Basic Listening Sequence: Foundation for Empathic Listening in
Many Settings 179
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: Five-Stage Model for Structuring the Session 181
Decision Counseling and the Five Stages 183
Observe: Using the Five Stages of Interviewing in Decision Counseling 185
Multiple Applications: Integrating Microskills with Stress Management and
Social Justice 191
Taking Notes in the Session 193
Action: Key Points and Practice 194
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 195
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 195
SECTION III
Transitioning from Attending and Listening to Influencing Skills:
Focusing and Empathic Confrontation 199
How Memory Changes Are Enacted in the Session 200
CHAPTER 9 Focusing the Counseling Session: Contextualizing and Broadening
the Story 203
Introduction: Focusing Essentials 204
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Focusing 206
* Community Genogram: Bringing Cultural/Environmental/Contextual into the Session 209
Observe: Focusing in Action 213
Multiple Applications of Focusing 217
Action: Key Points and Practice 221
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 223
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 226
CHAPTER 10 Empathic Confrontation: Identifying and Challenging
Client Conflict 228
Introduction: Empathic Confrontation, Creating the New 229
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: Empathic Confrontation for Results 230
_e Skills of Empathic Confrontation: An Integrated _ree-Step Process 232
Observe: Empathic Confrontation in the Interview 233
Observe: _e Client Change Scale (CCS) 237
Action: Key Points and Practice of Applying Empathic Confrontation in the Real World 247
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 248
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 252
SECTION IV
Interpersonal Influencing Skills for Creative Change 255
CHAPTER 11 Reflection of Meaning and Interpretation/Reframing: Helping Clients Restory
Their Lives 257
Introduction: _e Skills of Reflecting Meaning and Interpretation/Reframing 259
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Reflection of Meaning and Interpretation/Reframe 262
Observe: _e Skills of Reflection of Meaning and Interpretation/Reframing in Action 266
Multiple Applications of Reflection of Meaning and Interpretation/Reframing 267
Neuroscience and Ethical Decision Making 274
Action: Key Points and Practice of Applying Reflection of Meaning and Interpretation/
Reframing Skills in the Real World 275
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 276
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 280
Our _oughts About Charlis 281
CHAPTER 12 Action Skills for Building Resilience and Managing Stress:
Self-Disclosure, Feedback, Logical Consequences, Directives/
Instruction, and Psychoeducation 283
Introduction: Action Skills for Resilience and Stress Management 284
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Stress Management 285
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Empathic Self-Disclosure and Feedback 290
Observe: Self-Disclosure and Feedback 292
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Natural and Logical Consequences 295
Observe: Case Study Applications of Natural and Logical Consequences 296
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Directives, Instruction, and Psychoeducation 300
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: Making Action Skills Work 302
Observe: Integrating _erapeutic Lifestyle Changes Into the Session 304
Action: Key Points of Influencing Skills and Stress Management 306
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 308
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 311
SECTION V
Integrating Skill into Theory for Effective Practice, Personal Style,
and Transcendence 315
CHAPTER 13 Counseling Theory and Practice: How to Integrate the Microskills with
Multiple Approaches 317
Introduction: Microskills, Five Stages, and _eory 318
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Crisis Counseling 318
Observe: Crisis Counseling First Session Transcript 324
Suicide Watch: Awareness and Knowledge 328
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills of Cognitive Behavioral _erapy 330
Observe: Cognitive Behavioral Session Transcript 332
Action: Key Points of Counseling _eory and Practice 339
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 340
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 342
CHAPTER 14 Skill Integration, Determining Personal Style, and Transcendence 343
Introduction: Defining Skill Integration 344
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: Review of _eories of Counseling and Psychotherapy 344
Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills: Case Conceptualization, the Interview Checklist, Treatment
Planning, and Action Planning to Prevention Relapse 348
Multiple Applications of Skill Integration: Referral, Treatment Planning, Case Management,
and Relapse Prevention 352
Action: Key Points and Practice for Skill Integration and Determining Personal Style 358
Practice and Feedback: Individual, Group, and Microsupervision 360
Portfolio of Competencies and Personal Reflection 362
Appendix I The Ivey Taxonomy: De_nitions of the Microskills and Strategies
with Anticipated Client Response 369
Appendix II Ethics 375
Ethics and Morals: Professional and Personal 375
A Brief History of the Multicultural Foundation of Ethics 375
Ethical Codes 376
Confidentiality: Our Moral Foundation 376
Diversity, Multiculturalism, Ethics, and Morality 377
Ethics, Morality, and Competence 378
Informed Consent 379
Privacy Rules 379
Social Justice as Morality and Ethics in Action 381
Appendix III The Family Genogram 384
* Individual Develops in a Family Within a Culture 384
Using a Family Genogram to Understand Family Issues 386
Appendix IV Counseling, Neuroscience/Neurobiology, and Microskills 387
* National Institute of Mental Health Brain-Based Initiative: Is Neurocounseling
Our New Direction? 388
* Holistic Mind/Brain/Body and the Possibility of Change 389
* Brain Lobes and _eir Implications for Counseling and Psychotherapy 391
Executive Functioning, Emotional Regulation, Hormones and Other Structures 392
* Limbic System: Basics of Emotion 394
Left Brain Versus Right Brain, or an Integrative Team 395
Neurons, Neural Networks, and Neurotransmitters 396
Microskills and _eir Potential Impact on Change 400
* Default Mode Brain Network: What’s Happening When the Brain Is at Rest? 402
Social Stress and Its Impact on the Body 406
YouTube Videos for Further Study 415
Reference 417
Name Index 423
Subject Index 428
LIST OF BOXES
1.1 National and International Perspectives on Counseling Skills 8
1.2 Research and Related Evidence That You Can Use 14
1.3 Client Feedback Form 22
2.1 Sample Practice Contract 31
2.2 The RESPECTFUL Model 33
2.3 A Story of How the Soul Wound Develops 34
2.4 Stories of Microaggressions 40
2.5 National and International Perspectives on Counseling Skills 41
2.6 A Six-Point Optimism Scale 44
2.7 Additional Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes 50
3.1 Attending Behavior and People with Disabilities 60
3.2 National and International Perspectives on Counseling Skills 62
3.3 Research and Related Evidence That You Can Use 63
3.4 Feedback Form: Attending Behavior 79
3.5 Guidelines for Effective Feedback 80
4.1 Research and Related Evidence That You Can Use 86
4.2 National and International Perspectives on Counseling Skills 87
4.3 Mirroring in the Session, Frame by Frame 89
4.4 The Abstraction Ladder 91
4.5 Feedback Form: Attending Behavior 101
5.1 National and International Perspectives on Counseling Skills 121
5.2 Research and Related Neuroscience Evidence That You Can Use 123
5.3 Feedback Form: Questions 128
6.1 The Neuroscience of Empathy: Cognition, Emotion, and Theory
of Mind (Mentalizing) 134
6.2 The Convention on the Rights of the Child 143
6.3 Cumulative Stress and Microaggressions 144
6.4 Developing Skills to Help the Bilingual Client 145
6.5 Feedback Form: Encouraging, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing 151
7.1 Nonverbal Examples of Underlying Emotions 162
7.2 National and International Perspectives on Counseling Skills 163
7.3 Research and Related Evidence That You Can Use 164
7.4 Feedback Form: Observing and Reflecting Feelings 174
8.1 Neuroscience Informs the Decision Process 184
9.1 Research and Related Evidence That You Can Use 208
9.2 The Community Genogram: Three Visual Examples 210
9.3 National and International Perspectives on Counseling Skills 218
9.4 Feedback Form: Focus 224
10.1 Research and Related Evidence That You Can Use 232
10.2 Confrontation, Creativity, and Neuroscience 242
10.3 Feedback Form: Confrontation Using the Client Change Scale 251
11.1 Research and Related Evidence That You Can Use 264
11.2 Questions Leading Toward Discernment of Life’s Purpose and Meaning 273
11.3 Feedback Form: Reflecting Meaning and Interpretation/Reframe 279
12.1 The Stress Response System 287
12.2 Example Stress Management Strategies 288
12.3 Alicia’s Action Plan 294
12.4 Directives, Instruction, and Psychoeducational Strategies 302
12.5 Feedback Form: Self-Disclosure and Feedback 310
12.6 Feedback Form: Logical Consequences, Instruction/Psychoeducation, Stress Management, and TLCs 311
13.1 Organizing a Crisis Team in a Major Earthquake 320
13.2 Research Evidence That You Can Use 324
13.3 Research Evidence That You Can Use 339
13.4 Feedback Form: Counseling Theories 341
14.1 Checklist for the First Session 349
14.2 National and International Perspectives on Counseling Skills 351
14.3 Maintaining Change Worksheet: Self-Management Strategies for Skill Retention 357
14.4 Transcribing Sessions 361
II.1 Confidentiality and Its Limits 376
II.2 Professional Organizations with Ethical Codes 382
III.1 Drawing a Family Genogram 385