Microeconomics, Eleventh Edition
By David C. Colande
Contents:
PART I
INTRODUCTION: THINKING LIKE AN ECONOMIST
11 Economics and Economic Reasoning 4
What Economics Is 5
Scarcity 5
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 6
A Guide to Economic Reasoning 6
Marginal Costs and Marginal Benefits 8
The Economic Decision Rule 8
Economics and Passion 8
Opportunity Cost 9
Economic Forces, Social Forces, and Political Forces 11
Economic and Market Forces 11
Social and Political Forces 11
Using Economic Insights 13
The Invisible Hand Theorem 14
Economic Theory and Stories 15
Economic Institutions 15
Economic Policy Options 16
Objective Policy Analysis 17
Policy and Social and Political Forces 20
Conclusion 20
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to Margin Questions 21–24
2 The Production Possibility Model, Trade, and Globalization 25
The Production Possibility Model 26
A Production Possibility Curve for an Individual 26
Increasing Opportunity Costs of the Trade-Off 27
Comparative Advantage 28
Efficiency 29
Distribution and Productive Efficiency 30
Examples of Shifts in the PPC 31
Trade and Comparative Advantage 32
Markets, Specialization, and Growth 33
The Benefits of Trade 34
Globalization and the Law of One Price 36
Exchange Rates and Comparative Advantage 38
The Law of One Price 38
Globalization and the Timing of Benefits of Trade 39
Conclusion 39
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 40–43
Appendix: Graphish: The Language of Graphs 44
3 Economic Institutions 53
Economic Systems 54
How Markets Work 54
What’s Good about the Market? 55
Capitalism and Socialism 55
Economic Institutions in a Market Economy 58
Business 59
Households 61
The Roles of Government 62
Government as an Actor 62
Government as a Referee 64
Specific Roles for Government 65
Market Failures and Government Failures 67
Global Institutions 68
Global Corporations 68
Coordinating Global Issues 68
Conclusion 69
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 69–72
Appendix: The History of Economic Systems 73
4 Supply and Demand 78
Demand 78
The Law of Demand 79
The Demand Curve 79
Shifts in Demand versus Movements along a Demand Curve 80
Some Shift Factors of Demand 81
The Demand Table 82
From a Demand Table to a Demand Curve 82
Individual and Market Demand Curves 83
Supply 85
The Law of Supply 85
The Supply Curve 86
Shifts in Supply versus Movements along a Supply Curve 87
Shift Factors of Supply 88
The Supply Table 88
From a Supply Table to a Supply Curve 88
Individual and Market Supply Curves 88
The Interaction of Supply and Demand 89
Equilibrium 90
The Graphical Interaction of Supply and Demand 91
What Equilibrium Isn’t 91
Political and Social Forces and Equilibrium 92
Shifts in Supply and Demand 93
A Limitation of Supply/Demand Analysis 95
Conclusion 95
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises,
Questions from Alternative Perspectives,
Issues to Ponder, Answers to Margin Questions 96–100
5 Using Supply and Demand 101
Real-World Supply and Demand Applications 101
Government Intervention: Price Ceilings and Price Floors 104
Price Ceilings 105
Price Floors 106
Government Intervention: Excise Taxes and Tariffs 108
Government Intervention: Quantity Restrictions 109
Third-Party-Payer Markets 111
Conclusion 112
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises,
Questions from Alternative Perspectives,
Issues to Ponder, Answers to Margin Questions 112–116
Appendix: Algebraic Representation of Supply, Demand, and Equilibrium 117
Shifts in Demand versus Movements along a Demand Curve 80
Some Shift Factors of Demand 81
The Demand Table 82
From a Demand Table to a Demand Curve 82
Individual and Market Demand Curves 83
Supply 85
The Law of Supply 85
The Supply Curve 86
Shifts in Supply versus Movements along a Supply Curve 87
Shift Factors of Supply 88
The Supply Table 88
From a Supply Table to a Supply Curve 88
Individual and Market Supply Curves 88
The Interaction of Supply and Demand 89
Equilibrium 90
The Graphical Interaction of Supply and Demand 91
What Equilibrium Isn’t 91
Political and Social Forces and Equilibrium 92
Shifts in Supply and Demand 93
A Limitation of Supply/Demand Analysis 95
Conclusion 95
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises,
Questions from Alternative Perspectives,
Issues to Ponder, Answers to Margin Questions 96–100
5 Using Supply and Demand 101
Real-World Supply and Demand Applications 101
Government Intervention: Price Ceilings and Price Floors 104
Price Ceilings 105
Price Floors 106
Government Intervention: Excise Taxes and Tariffs 108
Government Intervention: Quantity Restrictions 109
Third-Party-Payer Markets 111
Conclusion 112
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises,
Questions from Alternative Perspectives,
Issues to Ponder, Answers to Margin Questions 112–116
Appendix: Algebraic Representation of Supply, Demand,
and Equilibrium 117Shifts in Demand versus Movements along a Demand Curve 80
Some Shift Factors of Demand 81
The Demand Table 82
From a Demand Table to a Demand Curve 82
Individual and Market Demand Curves 83
Supply 85
The Law of Supply 85
The Supply Curve 86
Shifts in Supply versus Movements along a Supply Curve 87
Shift Factors of Supply 88
The Supply Table 88
From a Supply Table to a Supply Curve 88
Individual and Market Supply Curves 88
The Interaction of Supply and Demand 89
Equilibrium 90
The Graphical Interaction of Supply and Demand 91
What Equilibrium Isn’t 91
Political and Social Forces and Equilibrium 92
Shifts in Supply and Demand 93
A Limitation of Supply/Demand Analysis 95
Conclusion 95
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises,
Questions from Alternative Perspectives,
Issues to Ponder, Answers to Margin Questions 96–100
5 Using Supply and Demand 101
Real-World Supply and Demand
Applications 101
Government Intervention: Price Ceilings and Price Floors 104
Price Ceilings 105
Price Floors 106
Government Intervention: Excise Taxes and Tariffs 108
Government Intervention: Quantity Restrictions 109
Third-Party-Payer Markets 111
Conclusion 112
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions from Alternative Perspectives,
Issues to Ponder, Answers to Margin Questions 112–116
Appendix: Algebraic Representation of Supply, Demand, and Equilibrium 117
PART II
MICROECONOMICS THE POWER OF TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC MODELS
6 Describing Supply and Demand: Elasticities 124
Price Elasticity 124
What Information Price Elasticity Provides 125
Classifying Demand and Supply as Elastic or Inelastic 125
Elasticity Is Independent of Units 126
Calculating Elasticities 126
Other Examples 128
Elasticity Is Not the Same as Slope 128
Five Terms to Describe Elasticity 130
Substitution and Elasticity 130
Substitution and Demand 131
How Substitution Factors Affect Specific Decisions 132
Elasticity, Total Revenue, and Demand 133
Total Revenue along a Demand Curve 134
Income and Cross-Price Elasticity 135
Income Elasticity of Demand 135
Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand 136
Some Examples 137
The Power of Supply/Demand Analysis 138
When Should a Supplier Not Raise Price? 138
Elasticity and Shifting Supply and Demand 139
Conclusion 139
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 140–143
7 Taxation and Government Intervention 144
Producer and Consumer Surplus 144
Burden of Taxation 146
Who Bears the Burden of a Tax? 148
Tax Incidence and Current Policy Debates 151
Government Intervention as Implicit Taxation 152
Price Ceilings and Floors 152
The Difference between Taxes and Price Controls 153
Rent Seeking, Politics, and Elasticities 154
Inelastic Demand and Incentives to Restrict Supply 154
Inelastic Supplies and Incentives to Restrict Prices 157
The Long-Run/Short-Run Problem of Price Controls 158
Conclusion 160
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 160–164
8 Market Failure versus Government Failure 165
Externalities 166
Effects of Positive and Negative Externalities 167
Alternative Methods of Dealing with Externalities 168
Direct Regulation 169
Incentive Policies 170
Voluntary Reductions 171
The Optimal Policy 172
Public Goods 172
The Market Value of a Public Good 173
Excludability and the Costs of Pricing 175
Informational and Moral Hazard Problems 176
Signaling and Screening 177
Policies to Deal with Informational Problems 177
Government Failure and Market Failures 180
Conclusion 182
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 182–186
8W Politics and Economics: The Case of
Agricultural Markets 187 and 8W-1
The Good/Bad Paradox in Agriculture 8W-3
The Long-Run Decline of Farming 8W-3
The Short-Run Cyclical Problem Facing Farmers 8W-4
The Difficulty of Coordinating Farm Production 8W-4
Ways around the Good/Bad Paradox 8W-4
The General Rule of Political Economy 8W-5
Four Price Support Options 8W-5
Supporting the Price by Regulatory Measures 8W-6
Providing Economic Incentives to Reduce Supply 8W-8
Subsidizing the Sale of the Good 8W-9
Buying Up and Storing, Giving Away, or Destroying the Good 8W-9
Which Group Prefers Which Option? 8W-10
Economics, Politics, and Real-World Policies 8W-10
Interest Groups 8W-11
International Issues 8W-12
Conclusion 8W-12
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 8W-13–8W-16
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY ISSUES
9 Comparative Advantage, Exchange
Rates, and Globalization 188
The Principle of Comparative Advantage 188
The Gains from Trade 189
Dividing Up the Gains from Trade 190
Why Economists and Laypeople Differ in Their Views of Trade 192
Gains Are Often Stealth 192
Opportunity Cost Is Relative 192
Trade Is Broader Than Manufactured Goods 192
Trade Has Distributional Effects 193
Sources of U.S. Comparative Advantage 194
Some Concerns about the Future 196
Inherent and Transferable Sources of
Comparative Advantages 196
The Law of One Price 196
How the United States Gained and Is Now Losing
Sources of Comparative Advantage 197
Methods of Equalizing Trade Balances 197
Determination of Exchange Rates and Trade 198
Exchange Rates and Trade 200
Some Complications in Exchange Rates 201
Conclusion 202
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 202–206
10 International Trade Policy 207
The Nature and Patterns of Trade 207
Increasing but Fluctuating World Trade 207
Differences in the Importance of Trade 208
What and with Whom the United States Trades 208
Debtor and Creditor Nations 210
Varieties of Trade Restrictions 212
Tariffs and Quotas 212
Voluntary Restraint Agreements 214
Sanctions 214
Regulatory Trade Restrictions 215
Nationalistic Appeals and “Buy Domestic”
Requirements 215
Reasons for and against Trade Restrictions 215
Unequal Internal Distribution of the Gains from Trade 216
Haggling by Companies over the Gains from Trade 218
Haggling by Countries over Trade Restrictions 218
Specialized Production 219
Macroeconomic Costs of Trade 220
National Security 221
International Politics 221
Increased Revenue Brought In by Tariffs 221
Why Economists Generally Oppose Trade
Restrictions 221
Institutions Supporting Free Trade 223
Conclusion 225
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 225–228
PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS
11 Production and Cost
Analysis I 229
The Role of the Firm 230
Firms Maximize Profit 231
The Difference between Economists’ Profits and Accountants’ Profits 232
The Production Process 233
The Long Run and the Short Run 233
Production Tables and Production Functions 233
The Law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity 235
The Costs of Production 236
Fixed Costs, Variable Costs, and Total Costs 236
Average Costs 237
Marginal Cost 237
Graphing Cost Curves 238
Total Cost Curves 239
Average and Marginal Cost Curves 239
Intermission 243
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions, 244–248
12 Production and Cost Analysis II 249
Technical Efficiency and Economic Efficiency 250
The Shape of the Long-Run Cost Curve 250
Economies of Scale 251
Diseconomies of Scale 253
Constant Returns to Scale 254
The Importance of Economies and
Diseconomies of Scale 255
Envelope Relationship 255
Entrepreneurial Activity and the
Supply Decision 257
Using Cost Analysis in the Real World 258
Economies of Scope 258
Learning by Doing and Technological Change 259
Many Dimensions 262
Unmeasured Costs 262
The Standard Model as a Framework 263
Conclusion 263
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 264–267
Appendix: Isocost/Isoquant Analysis 267
MARKET STRUCTURE
13 Perfect Competition 272
Perfect Competition as a Reference Point 272
Conditions for Perfect Competition 273
Demand Curves for the Firm and the Industry 273
The Profit-Maximizing Level of Output 274
Marginal Revenue 274
Marginal Cost 275
Profit Maximization: MC = MR 275
The Marginal Cost Curve Is the Supply Curve 276
Firms Maximize Total Profit 276
Total Profit at the Profit-Maximizing Level of Output 278
Determining Profit from a Table of Costs and Revenue 278
Determining Profit from a Graph 279
The Shutdown Point 281
Short-Run Market Supply and Demand 282
Long-Run Competitive Equilibrium: Zero Profit 283
Adjustment from the Short Run to the Long Run 284
An Increase in Demand 284
Long-Run Market Supply 285
An Example in the Real World 286
Conclusion 287
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to Margin Questions 288–292
14 Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition 293
The Key Difference between a Monopolist and a Perfect Competitor 293
A Model of Monopoly 294
Determining the Monopolist’s Price and Output Numerically 294
Determining Price and Output Graphically 295
Comparing Monopoly and Perfect Competition 297
An Example of Finding Output and Price 297
Profits and Monopoly 298
Welfare Loss from Monopoly 300
The Normal Monopolist 300
The Price-Discriminating Monopolist 301
Barriers to Entry and Monopoly 302
Natural Ability 304
Natural Monopolies 304
Network and Platform Monopolies 306
Monopolistic Competition 308
Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition 308
Advertising and Monopolistic Competition 309
Output, Price, and Profit of a Monopolistic Competitor 311
Comparing Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition, and Perfect Competition 312
Conclusion 313
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 314–319
Appendix: The Algebra of Competitive and Monopolistic Firms 319
15 Oligopoly and Antitrust Policy 321
The Distinguishing Characteristics of Oligopoly 321
Models of Oligopoly Behavior 322
The Cartel Model 322
The Contestable Market Model 325
Comparison of the Contestable Market Model
and the Cartel Model 325
Classifying Industries and Markets in Practice 327
The North American Industry Classification System 328
Empirical Measures of Industry Structure 329
Conglomerate Firms and Bigness 330
Oligopoly Models and Empirical Estimates
of Market Structure 330
Antitrust Policy 331
Judgment by Performance or Structure? 331
The Role of Antitrust in Today’s Economy 333
Conclusion 335
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 336–339
16 Real-World Competition and
Technology 340
Competition Is for Losers 341
The Goals of Real-World Firms
and the Monitoring Problem 341
What Do Real-World Firms Maximize? 344
The Lazy Monopolist and X-Inefficiency 344
The Fight between Competitive and Monopolistic Forces 346
How Monopolistic Forces Affect Perfect Competition 347
Economic Insights and Real-World Competition 347
How Competitive Forces Affect Monopoly 348
Competition: Natural and Platform Monopolies 349
How Firms Protect Their Monopolies 350
Cost/Benefit Analysis of Creating and
Maintaining Monopolies 351
Establishing Market Position 351
Platform Monopolies and Technology 352
Standards and Winner-Take-All Industries 352
Technological Lock-In 353
Conclusion 354
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 354–358
FACTOR MARKETS
17 Work and the Labor Market 359
The Supply of Labor 360
Real Wages and the Opportunity Cost of Work 361
The Supply of Labor and Nonmarket Activities 362
Income Taxation, Work, and Leisure 362
The Elasticity of the Supply of Labor 363
Immigration and the International Supply of Labor 364
The Derived Demand for Labor 364
Factors Influencing the Elasticity of Demand for Labor 365
Labor as a Factor of Production 365
Shift Factors of Demand 365
Determination of Wages 369
Imperfect Competition and the Labor Market 370
Political and Social Forces and the Labor Market 371
Fairness and the Labor Market 372
Discrimination and the Labor Market 374
Three Types of Direct Demand-Side
Discrimination 374
Institutional Discrimination 376
The Evolution of Labor Markets 377
Evolving Labor Laws 377
The Labor Market and You 377
Conclusion 378
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 379–382
Appendix: Derived Demand 383
17W Nonwage and Asset Income: Rents,
Profits, and Interest 389 and 17W-1 Rent 17W-3
The Effect of a Tax on Land 17W-3
Quasi Rents 17W-4
Rent Seeking and Institutional Constraints 17W-5
Profit 17W-6
Profit, Entrepreneurship, and Disequilibrium
Adjustment 17W-6
Market Niches, Profit, and Rent 17W-7
Interest 17W-7
The Present Value Formula 17W-8
Some Rules of Thumb for Determining Present Value 17W-9
The Importance of Present Value 17W-11
The Marginal Productivity Theory
of Income Distribution 17W-11
Conclusion 17W-12
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 17W-12–17W-14
18 Who Gets What? The Distribution of Income 390
Measuring the Distribution of Income,
Wealth, and Poverty 391
The Lorenz Curve 391
U.S. Income Distribution over Time 393
Defining Poverty 394
International Dimensions of Income Inequality 397
The Distribution of Wealth 398
Socioeconomic Dimensions of Income and Wealth Inequality 400
Income Distribution According to
Socioeconomic Characteristics 400
Income Distribution According to Class 400
Income Distribution and Fairness 403
Philosophical Debates about Equality and Fairness 403
Fairness and Equality 403
Fairness as Equality of Opportunity 404
The Problems of Redistributing Income 405
Three Important Side Effects of Redistributive Programs 405
Politics, Income Redistribution, and Fairness 405
Income Redistribution Policies 407
How Successful Have Income Redistribution Programs Been? 410
Conclusion 411
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 412–415
CHOICE AND DECISION MAKING
19 The Logic of Individual Choice: The Foundation of Supply and Demand 416
Rational Choice Theory 417
Total Utility and Marginal Utility 417
Diminishing Marginal Utility 419
Rational Choice and Marginal Utility 419
Maximizing Utility and Equilibrium 422
An Example of Maximizing Utility 422
Extending the Principle of Rational Choice 423
Rational Choice and the Laws
of Demand and Supply 424
The Law of Demand 424
Income and Substitution Effects 425
The Law of Supply 426
Opportunity Cost 427
Applying Economists’ Theory of Choice
to the Real World 427
The Cost of Decision Making 427
Given Tastes 428
Utility Maximization 430
Conclusion 431
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 432–435
Appendix: Indifference Curve Analysis 436
20 Game Theory, Strategic Decision
Making, and Behavioral
Economics 441
Game Theory and the Economic
Way of Thinking 442
Game Theory and Economic Modeling 442
The Game Theory Framework 443
The Prisoner’s Dilemma 444
Dominant Strategies and Nash Equilibrium 445
An Overview of Game Theory as a Tool
in Studying Strategic Interaction 447
Some Specific Games 447
Strategies of Players 448
Informal Game Theory and Modern
Behavioral Economics 451
Informal Game Theory 452
Real-World Applications of Informal Game Theory 452
An Application of Game Theory: Auction Markets 454
Game Theory and the Challenge to Standard Economic Assumptions 455
Fairness 455
Endowment Effects 456
Framing Effects 456
Behavioral Economics and the Traditional Model 456
The Importance of the Traditional Model: Money Is Not Left on the Table 457
Conclusion 457
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 458–461
Appendix: Game Theory and Oligopoly 462
MODERN ECONOMIC THINKING
21 Thinking Like a Modern Economist 466
The Nature of Economists’ Models 467
Scientific and Engineering Models 468
Behavioral and Traditional Building Blocks 468
Behavioral Economic Models 468
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Modern Traditional and Behavioral Models 471
Behavioral and Traditional Informal (Heuristic) Models 473
The Armchair Economist: Heuristic Models Using Traditional Building Blocks 473
The Economic Naturalist: Heuristic Models Using Behavioral Building Blocks 476
The Limits of Heuristic Models 477
Empirical and Formal Models 478
The Importance of Empirical Work in Modern Economics 478
The Role of Formal Models 481
What Difference Does All This Make to Policy? 487
Conclusion 488
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 488–491
22 Behavioral Economics and Modern Economic Policy 492
Behavioral Economic Policy in Perspective 492
Behavioral Economics and Economic Engineering 493
Economists as Mechanism Design Engineers 494
Behavioral Economics and Mechanism Design 495
Policy Implications of Traditional Economics 497
Choice Architecture and Behavioral Economic Policy 497
Nudge Policy and Libertarian Paternalism 499
When Are Nudges Needed? 499
Two Types of Nudges 501
The Problems of Implementing Nudges 502
Distinguishing a Nudge from a Push 503
Behavioral and Traditional Economic Policy Frames 503
Concerns about Behavioral Economic Policies 505
Few Policies Meet the Libertarian Paternalism
Criterion 505
Designing Helpful Policies Is Complicated 505
It Isn’t Clear Government Knows Better 506
Government Policy May Make the Situation Worse 506
A Changing View of Economists: From Pro-market
Advocates to Economic Engineers 507
Conclusion 507
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 508–510
23 Microeconomic Policy, Economic
Reasoning, and Beyond 511
Economists’ Differing Views about Social Policy 512
How Economists’ Value Judgments Creep into Policy
Proposals 512
The Need for a Worldview 514
Agreement among Economists about Social Policy 514
Economists’ Cost/Benefit Approach
to Government Regulation 515
The Value of Life 515
Comparing Costs and Benefits of Different
Dimensions 517
Putting Cost/Benefit Analysis in Perspective 518
The Problem of Other Things Changing 518
The Cost/Benefit Approach in Context 519
Failure of Market Outcomes 519
Distribution 520
Consumer Sovereignty and Rationality Problems 521
Inalienable Rights 523
Government Failure 524
Conclusion 525
Summary, Key Terms, Questions and Exercises, Questions
from Alternative Perspectives, Issues to Ponder, Answers to
Margin Questions 527–530
Glossary G-1
Colloquial Glossary CG
Index I-1