Biology 2e
By Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi and Matthew Douglas
Contents:
Preface 1
UNIT 1 THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
CHAPTER 1
The Study of Life…………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
Introduction 7
1.1 The Science of Biology 7
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology 16
Key Terms 25
Chapter Summary 26
Visual Connection Questions 27
Review Questions 27
Critical Thinking Questions 28
CHAPTER 2
The Chemical Foundation of Life……………………………………………………………….. 29
Introduction 29
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks 30
2.2Water 42
2.3 Carbon 49
Key Terms 55
Chapter Summary 56
Visual Connection Questions 57
Review Questions 57
Critical Thinking Questions 58
CHAPTER 3
Biological Macromolecules …………………………………………………………………………… 59
Introduction 59
3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules 59
3.2 Carbohydrates 61
3.3 Lipids 69
3.4 Proteins 76
3.5 Nucleic Acids 85
Key Terms 90
Chapter Summary 91
Visual Connection Questions 92
Review Questions 92
Critical Thinking Questions 93
UNIT 2 THE CELL
CHAPTER 4
Cell Structure……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 95
Introduction 95
4.1 Studying Cells 95
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells 98
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells 101
4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins 108
4.5 The Cytoskeleton 112
4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities 117
Key Terms 122
Chapter Summary 123
Visual Connection Questions 124
Review Questions 124
Critical Thinking Questions 126
CHAPTER 5
Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes……………………………….. 127
Introduction 127
5.1 Components and Structure 128
5.2 Passive Transport 135
5.3 Active Transport 143
5.4 Bulk Transport 147
Key Terms 151
Chapter Summary 152
Visual Connection Questions 152
Review Questions 153
Critical Thinking Questions 154
CHAPTER 6
Metabolism ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 155
Introduction 155
6.1 Energy and Metabolism 155
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy 159
6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics 164
6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate 166
6.5 Enzymes 168
Key Terms 174
Chapter Summary 174
Visual Connection Questions 175
Review Questions 176
Critical Thinking Questions 177
CHAPTER 7
Cellular Respiration ………………………………………………………………………………………… 179
Introduction 179
7.1 Energy in Living Systems 180
7.2 Glycolysis 184
7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle 186
7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation 189
7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen 193
7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways 195
7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration 197
Key Terms 201
Chapter Summary 201
Visual Connection Questions 202
Review Questions 203
Critical Thinking Questions 204
CHAPTER 8
Photosynthesis ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 205
Introduction 205
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis 206
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis 210
8.3 Using Light Energy to Make Organic Molecules 217
Key Terms 222
Chapter Summary 223
Visual Connection Questions 223
Review Questions 223
Critical Thinking Questions 225
CHAPTER 9
Cell Communication………………………………………………………………………………………… 227
Introduction 227
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors 228
9.2 Propagation of the Signal 236
9.3 Response to the Signal 240
9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms 243
Key Terms 248
Chapter Summary 249
Visual Connection Questions 250
Review Questions 250
Critical Thinking Questions 252
CHAPTER 10
Cell Reproduction…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 253
Introduction 253
10.1 Cell Division 253
10.2 The Cell Cycle 256
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle 263
10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle 269
10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division 271
Key Terms 274
Chapter Summary 275
Visual Connection Questions 276
Review Questions 276
Critical Thinking Questions 278
UNIT 3 GENETICS
CHAPTER 11
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction …………………………………………………………… 279
Introduction 279
11.1 The Process of Meiosis 280
11.2 Sexual Reproduction 288
Key Terms 293
Chapter Summary 293
Visual Connection Questions 294
Review Questions 294
Critical Thinking Questions 295
CHAPTER 12
Mendel’s Experiments and Heredity……………………………………………………… 297
Introduction 297
12.1Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability 298
12.2 Characteristics and Traits 304
12.3 Laws of Inheritance 315
Key Terms 324
Chapter Summary 325
Visual Connection Questions 326
Review Questions 326
Critical Thinking Questions 327
CHAPTER 13
Modern Understandings of Inheritance……………………………………………….. 329
Introduction 329
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkage 330
13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders 334
Key Terms 342
Chapter Summary 342
Visual Connection Questions 342
Review Questions 343
Critical Thinking Questions 344
CHAPTER 14
DNA Structure and Function………………………………………………………………………. 345
Introduction 345
14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding 346
14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing 349
14.3 Basics of DNA Replication 354
14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes 356
14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes 358
14.6 DNA Repair 361
Key Terms 365
Chapter Summary 365
Visual Connection Questions 366
Review Questions 367
Critical Thinking Questions 368
CHAPTER 15
Genes and Proteins …………………………………………………………………………………………. 369
Introduction 369
15.1 The Genetic Code 369
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription 374
15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription 377
15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes 380
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis 383
Key Terms 389
Chapter Summary 390
Visual Connection Questions 391
Review Questions 391
Critical Thinking Questions 392
CHAPTER 16
Gene Expression……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 395
Introduction 395
16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression 396
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation 398
16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation 401
16.4 Eukaryotic Transcription Gene Regulation 404
16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation 405
16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation 408
16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation 409
Key Terms 412
Chapter Summary 413
Visual Connection Questions 414
Review Questions 414
Critical Thinking Questions 416
CHAPTER 17
Biotechnology and Genomics…………………………………………………………………….. 417
Introduction 417
17.1 Biotechnology 417
17.2Mapping Genomes 428
17.3Whole-Genome Sequencing 431
17.4 Applying Genomics 434
17.5 Genomics and Proteomics 437
Key Terms 439
Chapter Summary 440
Visual Connection Questions 441
Review Questions 441
Critical Thinking Questions 442
UNIT 4 EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES
CHAPTER 18
Evolution and the Origin of Species……………………………………………………….. 443
Introduction 443
18.1 Understanding Evolution 444
18.2 Formation of New Species 452
18.3 Reconnection and Speciation Rates 460
Key Terms 463
Chapter Summary 463
Visual Connection Questions 464
Review Questions 464
Critical Thinking Questions 465
CHAPTER 19
The Evolution of Populations……………………………………………………………………… 467
Introduction 467
19.1 Population Evolution 467
19.2 Population Genetics 471
19.3 Adaptive Evolution 476
Key Terms 482
Chapter Summary 482
Visual Connection Questions 483
Review Questions 483
Critical Thinking Questions 484
CHAPTER 20
Phylogenies and the History of Life………………………………………………………… 485
Introduction 485
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth 486
20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships 490
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree 495
Key Terms 502
Chapter Summary 502
Visual Connection Questions 503
Review Questions 503
Critical Thinking Questions 504
UNIT 5 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
CHAPTER 21
Viruses……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 505
Introduction 505
21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification 505
21.2 Virus Infections and Hosts 514
21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections 521
21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids 526
Key Terms 530
Chapter Summary 531
Visual Connection Questions 531
Review Questions 532
Critical Thinking Questions 533
CHAPTER 22
Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea……………………………………………………….. 535
Introduction 535
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity 536
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea 542
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism 551
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans 555
22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes 562
Key Terms 567
Chapter Summary 568
Visual Connection Questions 569
Review Questions 570
Critical Thinking Questions 572
CHAPTER 23
Protists …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 573
Introduction 573
23.1 Eukaryotic Origins 574
23.2 Characteristics of Protists 580
23.3 Groups of Protists 582
23.4 Ecology of Protists 600
Key Terms 605
Chapter Summary 605
Visual Connection Questions 606
Review Questions 606
Critical Thinking Questions 607
CHAPTER 24
Fungi………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 609
Introduction 609
24.1 Characteristics of Fungi 610
24.2 Classifications of Fungi 616
24.3 Ecology of Fungi 624
24.4 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens 630
24.5 Importance of Fungi in Human Life 633
Key Terms 636
Chapter Summary 636
Visual Connection Questions 637
Review Questions 638
Critical Thinking Questions 639
CHAPTER 25
Seedless Plants…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 641
Introduction 641
25.1 Early Plant Life 641
25.2 Green Algae: Precursors of Land Plants 648
25.3 Bryophytes 650
25.4 Seedless Vascular Plants 656
Key Terms 665
Chapter Summary 665
Visual Connection Questions 666
Review Questions 666
Critical Thinking Questions 668
CHAPTER 26
Seed Plants………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 669
Introduction 669
26.1 Evolution of Seed Plants 669
26.2 Gymnosperms 676
26.3 Angiosperms 680
26.4 The Role of Seed Plants 688
Key Terms 694
Chapter Summary 695
Visual Connection Questions 695
Review Questions 696
Critical Thinking Questions 697
CHAPTER 27
Introduction to Animal Diversity……………………………………………………………… 699
Introduction 699
27.1 Features of the Animal Kingdom 699
27.2 Features Used to Classify Animals 704
27.3 Animal Phylogeny 711
27.4 The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom 713
Key Terms 719
Chapter Summary 719
Visual Connection Questions 720
Review Questions 720
Critical Thinking Questions 721
CHAPTER 28
Invertebrates ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 723
Introduction 723
28.1 Phylum Porifera 724
28.2 Phylum Cnidaria 728
28.3 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Flatworms, Rotifers, and Nemerteans 735
28.4 Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids 745
28.5 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Nematodes and Tardigrades 754
28.6 Superphylum Ecdysozoa: Arthropods 759
28.7 Superphylum Deuterostomia 767
Key Terms 772
Chapter Summary 773
Visual Connection Questions 775
Review Questions 775
Critical Thinking Questions 776
CHAPTER 29
Vertebrates ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 779
Introduction 779
29.1 Chordates 779
29.2 Fishes 785
29.3 Amphibians 790
29.4 Reptiles 795
29.5 Birds 805
29.6Mammals 810
29.7 The Evolution of Primates 814
Key Terms 823
Chapter Summary 824
Visual Connection Questions 826
Review Questions 826
Critical Thinking Questions 827
UNIT 6 PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER 30
Plant Form and Physiology …………………………………………………………………………. 829
Introduction 829
30.1 The Plant Body 829
30.2 Stems 831
30.3 Roots 839
30.4 Leaves 842
30.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants 849
30.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses 856
Key Terms 864
Chapter Summary 865
Visual Connection Questions 867
Review Questions 867
Critical Thinking Questions 868
CHAPTER 31
Soil and Plant Nutrition ………………………………………………………………………………… 871
Introduction 871
31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants 871
31.2 The Soil 875
31.3 Nutritional Adaptations of Plants 879
Key Terms 885
Chapter Summary 885
Visual Connection Questions 886
Review Questions 886
Critical Thinking Questions 887
CHAPTER 32
Plant Reproduction …………………………………………………………………………………………. 889
Introduction 889
32.1 Reproductive Development and Structure 889
32.2 Pollination and Fertilization 899
32.3 Asexual Reproduction 910
Key Terms 916
Chapter Summary 917
Visual Connection Questions 917
Review Questions 918
Critical Thinking Questions 919
UNIT 7 ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHAPTER 33
The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function ……………………………………… 921
Introduction 921
33.1 Animal Form and Function 921
33.2 Animal Primary Tissues 927
33.3 Homeostasis 937
Key Terms 943
Chapter Summary 943
Visual Connection Questions 944
Review Questions 944
Critical Thinking Questions 946
CHAPTER 34
Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System………………………………………. 947
Introduction 947
34.1 Digestive Systems 948
34.2 Nutrition and Energy Production 958
34.3 Digestive System Processes 964
34.4 Digestive System Regulation 970
Key Terms 972
Chapter Summary 973
Visual Connection Questions 973
Review Questions 974
Critical Thinking Questions 975
CHAPTER 35
The Nervous System……………………………………………………………………………………….. 977
Introduction 977
35.1 Neurons and Glial Cells 977
35.2 How Neurons Communicate 984
35.3 The Central Nervous System 995
35.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 1001
35.5 Nervous System Disorders 1005
Key Terms 1012
Chapter Summary 1013
Visual Connection Questions 1014
Review Questions 1014
Critical Thinking Questions 1016
CHAPTER 36
Sensory Systems……………………………………………………………………………………………..1017
Introduction 1017
36.1 Sensory Processes 1017
36.2 Somatosensation 1021
36.3 Taste and Smell 1025
36.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation 1030
36.5 Vision 1035
Key Terms 1042
Chapter Summary 1043
Visual Connection Questions 1044
Review Questions 1045
Critical Thinking Questions 1046
CHAPTER 37
The Endocrine System………………………………………………………………………………….1049
Introduction 1049
37.1 Types of Hormones 1049
37.2 How Hormones Work 1052
37.3 Regulation of Body Processes 1054
37.4 Regulation of Hormone Production 1065
37.5 Endocrine Glands 1066
Key Terms 1074
Chapter Summary 1075
Visual Connection Questions 1077
Review Questions 1077
Critical Thinking Questions 1079
CHAPTER 38
The Musculoskeletal System…………………………………………………………………….1081
Introduction 1081
38.1 Types of Skeletal Systems 1081
38.2 Bone 1093
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement 1100
38.4Muscle Contraction and Locomotion 1108
Key Terms 1116
Chapter Summary 1118
Visual Connection Questions 1119
Review Questions 1119
Critical Thinking Questions 1121
CHAPTER 39
The Respiratory System………………………………………………………………………………1123
Introduction 1123
39.1 Systems of Gas Exchange 1124
39.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces 1130
39.3 Breathing 1134
39.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids 1140
Key Terms 1144
Chapter Summary 1145
Visual Connection Questions 1146
Review Questions 1146
Critical Thinking Questions 1147
CHAPTER 40
The Circulatory System………………………………………………………………………………..1149
Introduction 1149
40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System 1149
40.2 Components of the Blood 1153
40.3Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels 1158
40.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation 1165
Key Terms 1169
Chapter Summary 1170
Visual Connection Questions 1171
Review Questions 1171
Critical Thinking Questions 1172
CHAPTER 41
Osmotic Regulation and Excretion…………………………………………………………1173
Introduction 1173
41.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance 1174
41.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs 1177
41.3 Excretion Systems 1182
41.4 Nitrogenous Wastes 1184
41.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions 1186
Key Terms 1189
Chapter Summary 1190
Visual Connection Questions 1191
Review Questions 1191
Critical Thinking Questions 1192
CHAPTER 42
The Immune System……………………………………………………………………………………..1193
Introduction 1193
42.1 Innate Immune Response 1194
42.2 Adaptive Immune Response 1200
42.3 Antibodies 1213
42.4 Disruptions in the Immune System 1218
Key Terms 1221
Chapter Summary 1222
Visual Connection Questions 1223
Review Questions 1223
Critical Thinking Questions 1224
CHAPTER 43
Animal Reproduction and Development…………………………………………….1225
Introduction 1225
43.1 Reproduction Methods 1226
43.2 Fertilization 1229
43.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis 1231
43.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction 1238
43.5 Human Pregnancy and Birth 1243
43.6 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development 1248
43.7 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation 1252
Key Terms 1256
Chapter Summary 1257
Visual Connection Questions 1258
Review Questions 1258
Critical Thinking Questions 1260
UNIT 8 ECOLOGY
CHAPTER 44
Ecology and the Biosphere…………………………………………………………………………1261
Introduction 1261
44.1 The Scope of Ecology 1262
44.2 Biogeography 1266
44.3 Terrestrial Biomes 1272
44.4 Aquatic Biomes 1279
44.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change 1284
Key Terms 1291
Chapter Summary 1291
Visual Connection Questions 1292
Review Questions 1293
Critical Thinking Questions 1294
CHAPTER 45
Population and Community Ecology……………………………………………………..1295
Introduction 1295
45.1 Population Demography 1296
45.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection 1301
45.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth 1303
45.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation 1307
45.5 Human Population Growth 1311
45.6 Community Ecology 1314
45.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior 1325
Key Terms 1335
Chapter Summary 1336
Visual Connection Questions 1337
Review Questions 1338
Critical Thinking Questions 1339
CHAPTER 46
Ecosystems…………………………………………………………………………………………………………1341
Introduction 1341
46.1 Ecology of Ecosystems 1341
46.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems 1350
46.3 Biogeochemical Cycles 1354
Key Terms 1366
Chapter Summary 1367
Visual Connection Questions 1367
Review Questions 1367
Critical Thinking Questions 1369
CHAPTER 47
Conservation Biology and Biodiversity ……………………………………………….1371
Introduction 1371
47.1 The Biodiversity Crisis 1372
47.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life 1382
47.3 Threats to Biodiversity 1385
47.4 Preserving Biodiversity 1393
Key Terms 1398
Chapter Summary 1398
Visual Connection Questions 1399
Review Questions 1400
Critical Thinking Questions 1401
Appendix A The Periodic Table of Elements 1403
Appendix B Geological Time 1405
Appendix C Measurements and the Metric System 1407
Index 1409