Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs, 7th Edition (Exams 220-1101 & 220-1102) PDF by Mike Meyers, Andrew Hutz and  Andrew Hutz

By

Mike Meyers’ CompTIA A+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs, Seventh Edition (Exams 220-1101 & 220-1102)

By Mike Meyers, Andrew Hutz and  Andrew Hutz

Mike Meyers' CompTIA A+ Guide to Managing and Troubleshooting PCs, 7th Edition

Contents:
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
Instructor Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix
Chapter 1 ■ Safety and Professionalism 1
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Professional Tech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Professional Appearance and Attire. . . . . . . 1
The Traits of a Tech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Effective Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Assertive Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Respectful Communication . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Getting Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Expectations and Follow-Up . . . . . . . . . . 7
Be Prepared! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) . . . . . . . . . 9
Antistatic Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). . . . . . . 11
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). . . . . . . 11
Physical Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Personal Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Troubleshooting Methodology . . . . . . . . . . 14
Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Chapter 2 ■ The Visible Computer 26
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Computing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Computing Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Stages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Why the Process Matters to Techs. . . . . . . 30
Breaking It Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Computing Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Computing Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Common Operating System Functions . . . . 35
User Interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
File Structures and Paths . . . . . . . . . . . 42
The Tech Utility Launch Points . . . . . . . . 48
Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Chapter 3 ■ CPUs 58
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
CPU Core Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
The Man in the Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Clock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Back to the External Data Bus . . . . . . . . 66
Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Memory and RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Address Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Modern CPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Selecting and Installing CPUs . . . . . . . . . . 83
Selecting a CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Installation Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Troubleshooting CPUs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Symptoms of Overheating. . . . . . . . . . . 92
Catastrophic Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Beyond A+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Hybrid Cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Process Nodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Chapter 4 ■ RAM 100
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Understanding DRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Organizing DRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Practical DRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
DRAM Sticks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Consumer RAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Types of RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
SDRAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
DDR SDRAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
DDR3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
DDR4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
DDR5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
RAM Variations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Working with RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Do You Need More RAM? . . . . . . . . . . 112
Getting the Right RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Installing DIMMs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Installing SO-DIMMs in Laptops . . . . . . 118
Troubleshooting RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Chapter 5 ■ Firmware 128 1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
We Need to Talk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Talking to the Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
CMOS and the System Setup Utility. . . . . . . 136
Touring the System Setup Utility. . . . . . . 137
Noteworthy BIOS/UEFI Security Settings . . . 143
Exiting and Saving BIOS/UEFI Settings. . . 146
Power-On Self-Test (POST) . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Before and During the Video Test: The Beep Codes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Text Errors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
POST Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
The Boot Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Care and Feeding of BIOS/UEFI . . . . . . . . . 150
Default/Optimized Settings . . . . . . . . . . 150
Clearing CMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Losing CMOS RTC Settings . . . . . . . . . 151
Flashing the ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Chapter 6 ■ Motherboards 160
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
How Motherboards Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Form Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Chipset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Standard Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Additional Components . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Expansion Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Structure and Function of the Expansion Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
PCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
PCI Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Installing Expansion Cards . . . . . . . . . . 173
Troubleshooting Expansion Cards . . . . . . 179
Upgrading and Installing Motherboards . . . . 181
Choosing the Motherboard and Case . . . . . 181
Installing the Motherboard . . . . . . . . . . 184
Troubleshooting Motherboards. . . . . . . . . . 186
Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Chapter 7 ■ Power Supplies 196 Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Understanding Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Powering the PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Supplying AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Supplying DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Installing and Maintaining Power Supplies. . . 215
Installing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Troubleshooting Power Supplies. . . . . . . . . 219
No Motherboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
When Power Supplies Die Slowly . . . . . . 220
Fuses and Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Redundant Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . 221
Modular Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Chapter 7 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Chapter 8 ■ Mass Storage Technologies 228
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
How Hard Drives Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Hard Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Solid-State Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Connecting Mass Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
PATA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
SATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
eSATA and Other External Drives . . . . . . 237
Refining Mass Storage Communication . . . 238
Protecting Data with RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Implementing RAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Software Versus Hardware . . . . . . . . . . 242
Dedicated RAID Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Installing Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Choosing Your Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Cabling SATA Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Connecting Solid-State Drives . . . . . . . . 246
BIOS Support: Configuring CMOS and Installing Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Troubleshooting Hard Drive Installation . . . 248
Chapter 8 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Chapter 9 ■ Implementing Mass Storage 254
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Hard Drive Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Master Boot Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Dynamic Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
GUID Partition Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Other Partition Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
When to Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Partition Naming Problems . . . . . . . . . . 262
Hard Drive Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
File Systems in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . 263 FAT32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
NTFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
exFAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
File Systems in macOS . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
File Systems in Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
The Partitioning, Formatting, and Pooling Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Bootable Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Partitioning and Formatting with the Installation Media . . . . . . . . 273
Disk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Formatting a Partition . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Storage Spaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Hard Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Troubleshooting Hard Drive Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Chapter 9 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Chapter 10 ■ Essential Peripherals 308 1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Supporting Common Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Serial Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
USB Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Thunderbolt Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
General Port Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Common Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Keyboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Pointing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Biometric Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Barcode Scanner/QR Scanner. . . . . . . . . 322
Touchscreens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
KVM Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Game Controllers and Joysticks . . . . . . . . 324
Digitizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Multimedia Devices and Formats. . . . . . . 327
Removable Storage Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Flash Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Optical Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Chapter 10 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Chapter 11 ■ Installing and Upgrading Operating Systems 348
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Windows Versions and Editions . . . . . . . . . 349
What About Windows 11? . . . . . . . . . . 349
Windows 10 Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Workgroups vs. Domains . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Windows 10 Pro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Windows 10 Pro for Workstations/ Windows 10 Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . 354
What Version of Windows Do I Have? . . . . 355
Installing and Upgrading Windows . . . . . . . 355
Media Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Types of Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
The OS Installation Process. . . . . . . . . . 359
Troubleshooting Installation Problems . . . . 367
Post-Installation Tasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Windows Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Upgrading Drivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Restoring User Data Files (If Applicable). . . 371
Installing Essential Software . . . . . . . . . 371
Migrating and Retiring Systems . . . . . . . 371
No Installation Is Perfect . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Chapter 11 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Chapter 12 ■ Working with Operating Systems 378
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Accessing the Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Registry Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Talkin’ Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Manual Registry Edits . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Command-Line Registry Editing Tools . . . . 383
Your Basic Windows Toolset . . . . . . . . . . . 383
System Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Windows Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Control Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Processes, Applications, and Services Tools. . . 394
Task Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Resource Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Microsoft Management Console . . . . . . . 402
macOS Preferences and Features . . . . . . . . . 410
System Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Apple ID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
AirDrop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Spotlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Keychain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
FileVault. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Chapter 12 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Chapter 13 ■ Users, Groups, and Permissions 424
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Authentication with Users and Groups . . . . . 425
Standard Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Standard Account and Elevated Privileges. . . 427
Configuring Users and Groups in Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Authentication Options . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Authorization Through NTFS . . . . . . . . . . 434
NTFS Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Permission Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Techs and Permissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Permissions in Linux and macOS . . . . . . 439
Sharing Resources Securely . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Sharing Folders and Files . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Locating Shared Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Protecting Data with Encryption . . . . . . . 445
Beyond Sharing Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
Security Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
User Account Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448
How UAC Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
UAC in Modern Windows . . . . . . . . . . 451
Chapter 13 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454
Chapter 14 ■ Maintaining and Optimizing Operating Systems 460
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Maintaining Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . 461
Patch Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
Scheduling Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Controlling Autostarting Software . . . . . . 464
Optimizing Operating Systems. . . . . . . . . . 466
Installing and Removing Software . . . . . . 466
Performance Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
Preparing for Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Backup and Recovery Options . . . . . . . . 477
Backup Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Backup Rotation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 480
Backing Up Personal Data . . . . . . . . . . 481
System Restore in Windows. . . . . . . . . . 485
Beyond A+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Third-Party Backup Tools . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Chapter 14 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Chapter 15 ■ Working with the Command-Line Interface 494
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Deciphering the Command-Line Interface . . . 495
Shells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Accessing the Command-Line Interface in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Accessing the Command-Line Interface in macOS and Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
The Prompt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Closing the Terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Drives and Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Mastering Fundamental Commands . . . . . . 502
Structure: Syntax and Switches. . . . . . . . 502
Changing Directory Focus: The cd Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Moving Between Drives. . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Making Directories: The md/mkdir Command. . . . . . . . . . 507
Removing Directories: The rd/rmdir Command . . . . . . . . . . 509
Running a Program in Windows . . . . . . . 509
Running a Program in macOS and Linux. . . 510
Working with Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Reading Plaintext Files . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
Using Wildcards to Locate Files. . . . . . . . 513
Deleting Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Copying and Moving Files . . . . . . . . . . 515
Pruning and Grafting Folder Trees . . . . . . 516
Assorted Windows Commands . . . . . . . . . 518
chkdsk (/f /r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
hostname. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
winver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
gpupdate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
gpresult . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
sfc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Keyboard Shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Assorted macOS and Linux Commands . . . . 522
See Running Processes: top and ps . . . . . . 523
grep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
find . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
Package Managers: apt-get and yum . . . . . 526
nano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
dd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
df . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
Scripting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Script Types and Languages. . . . . . . . . . 531
Ask Not What You Can Do for Scripting . . . 532
Here Be Dragons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Beyond A+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Anatomy of a Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Chapter 15 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Chapter 16 ■ Troubleshooting Operating Systems 548
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Common Windows Troubleshooting Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
Turning Things Off and Back On. . . . . . . 549
System File Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Uninstall/Reinstall/Update Applications . . . 550
Resource Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Recovering When Windows Breaks . . . . . . 551
Rebuild Windows Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Troubleshooting Common Windows OS Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Blue Screen of Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Sluggish Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Boot Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Frequent Shutdowns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562
Services Not Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Applications Crashing. . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Low Memory Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
USB Controller Resource Warnings . . . . . 565
System Instability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
No OS Found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Slow Profile Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Time Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Troubleshooting Problems Related to Motherboard, CPU, RAM, and Power. . . 569
Power-On Self-Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
Proprietary Crash Screens. . . . . . . . . . . 569
Black Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569
No Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
Sluggish Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Burning Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Frequent Shutdowns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Application Crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Grinding Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Capacitor Swelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Inaccurate System Date/Time . . . . . . . . . 574
Chapter 16 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Chapter 17 ■ Display Technologies 580
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Video Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Flat-Panel Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Projectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Common Display Features . . . . . . . . . . 585
Display Adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Motherboard Slot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Graphics Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Video Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Integrated GPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
Connector Types and Associated Cables . . . 591
Installing and Configuring Video . . . . . . . . 591
Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Working with Drivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Troubleshooting Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Troubleshooting Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Troubleshooting Projectors . . . . . . . . . . 605
Troubleshooting Video Cards and Drivers. . . 606
Beyond A+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Evaluating Monitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
PPI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Brightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Viewing Angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Response Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Refresh Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Contrast Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Color Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
Panel Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
High Dynamic Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Adaptive Sync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Additional Display Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
MicroLED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
eGPUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Chapter 17 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
Chapter 18 ■ Essentials of Networking 622
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Roles Hosts Play in Networks . . . . . . . . . . 623
Networking Technologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Frames and NICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625
Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
Ethernet with Twisted Pair . . . . . . . . . . 630
Ethernet with Alternative Connections . . . . 631
Implementing Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
The Typical LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Structured Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Going Wide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Chapter 18 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Chapter 19 ■ Local Area Networking 648
1101/1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Interconnecting Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Network Addressing with IPv4 . . . . . . . . 650
Network Addressing with IPv6 . . . . . . . . 652
Domain Name System . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
Entering Client IP Information . . . . . . . . 658
TCP vs. UDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
TCP/IP Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659
TCP/IP Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Configuring TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Automatic Private IP Addressing. . . . . . . 664
Installing and Configuring a Wired Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Installing a NIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Configuring IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . 667
Connecting to a Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . 667
Network Organization and Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Shared Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
Organizing with Workgroups. . . . . . . . . 669
Organizing with Domains . . . . . . . . . . 674
File Servers and Drive Mapping . . . . . . . 679
Sharing Printers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Troubleshooting Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Repairing Physical Cabling . . . . . . . . . . 682
Fixing Common Problems. . . . . . . . . . . 684
Chapter 19 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688
Chapter 20 ■ Wireless Networking 694
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694
Wireless Networking Components . . . . . . . 694
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Wireless Networking Software . . . . . . . . 696
Wireless Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Wireless Networking Security . . . . . . . . 698
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Wireless Networking Standards and Regulations . . . . . . . . . . 700
IEEE 802.11-Based Wireless Networking. . . 701
Optimizing Wi-Fi Coverage. . . . . . . . . . 704
Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Installing and Configuring Wireless Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Wi-Fi Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Bluetooth Configuration and Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . 714
Troubleshooting Wi-Fi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Hardware Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . 716
Software Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Connectivity Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . 717
Configuration Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . 718
Chapter 20 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Chapter 21 ■ The Internet 726
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
How the Internet Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
TCP/IP: The Common Language of the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Internet Service Providers. . . . . . . . . . . 728
Connection Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Connecting to the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
DSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Cable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Wi-Fi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732
WISP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Cellular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Connection to the Internet . . . . . . . . . . 735
Using the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Internet Application Protocols . . . . . . . . 739
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Browsing the Web . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Communicating with Others . . . . . . . . . 749
Remote Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752
Sharing and Transferring Files . . . . . . . . 757
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Embedded Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758
Internet Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
No Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Limited Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Local Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762
Slow Network Speeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Latency and Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Poor VoIP Call Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Chapter 21 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Chapter 22 ■ Virtualization 774 1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Hardware Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775
Client-Side Virtualization. . . . . . . . . . . 776
Benefits of Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . 777
Purpose of Virtual Machines . . . . . . . . . 779
Creating a Virtual Machine . . . . . . . . . . 781
Server-Side Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . 788
To the Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
The Service-Layer Cake . . . . . . . . . . . . 790
Ownership and Access . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Cloud Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
Desktop Virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Chapter 22 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Chapter 23 ■ Portable Computing 802
Historical/Conceptual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Portable Computing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . 803
Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Input Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
Display Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Extending Portable Computers. . . . . . . . . . 808
Single-Function Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808
Networking Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Portable-Specific Expansion Slots. . . . . . . 811
Storage Card Slots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
General-Purpose Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Managing and Maintaining Portable Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Power Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Protecting the Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Upgrading and Repairing Laptop Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Disassembly Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Standard Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824
Hardware/Device Replacement . . . . . . . . 826
Troubleshooting Portable Computers . . . . . . 829
Power and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831
Chapter 23 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835
Chapter 24 ■ Mobile Devices 842
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Mobile Computing Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Device Variants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Mobile Hardware Features . . . . . . . . . . 845
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Mobile Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Development Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848
Apple iOS and iPadOS . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Google Android . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Mobile OS Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Configuring a Mobile Device . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Enhancing Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Installing and Configuring Apps . . . . . . . 858
Network Connectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 860
Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
E-mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863
Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865
Mobile Device Communication and Ports. . . 868
Chapter 24 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873
Chapter 25 ■ Maintaining and Securing Mobile Devices 878
1101/1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Troubleshooting Mobile Device Issues . . . . . 879
Troubleshooting Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879
Touchscreen and Display Issues. . . . . . . . 882
Apps Not Launching . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Overheating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Update Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
Slow Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
Battery Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
Swollen Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890
Random Reboots and Freezes . . . . . . . . . 890
Cannot Broadcast to an External Monitor . . . 891
No Sound from Speakers . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Connectivity and Data Usage Issues . . . . . 892
GPS and Location Services Problems . . . . . 893
Encryption Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
Securing Mobile Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 894
BYOD Versus Corporate-Owned Devices. . . 895
Profile Security Requirements . . . . . . . . 895
Preventing Physical Damage . . . . . . . . . 897
Combating Malware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897
Dealing with Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
Recovering from Theft. . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
Securing Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899
Mobile OS and Application Security Issues . . . 902
Troubleshooting Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . 902
Risks, Symptoms, and Clues . . . . . . . . . 904
Chapter 25 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Chapter 26 ■ Printers and Multifunction Devices 918
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Printer and Multifunction Device Consumables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919
Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930
Copy and Fax Components . . . . . . . . . . 934
Automatic Document Feeders. . . . . . . . . 934
Connectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934
Physical Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
The Laser Printing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936
Charging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Exposing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Developing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938
Transferring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Fusing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939
Installing a Multifunction Device . . . . . . . . 940
Setting Up Printers in Windows . . . . . . . 940
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945
Configuring Print Settings . . . . . . . . . . 946
Optimizing Print Performance . . . . . . . . 947
Managing Public/Shared/ Networked Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 948
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Printers . . . 949
Maintaining and Troubleshooting General Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Impact Printers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Thermal Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 955
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Inkjet Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Laser Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
Troubleshooting 3-D Printers . . . . . . . . . 962
Chapter 26 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Chapter 27 ■ Securing Computers 972
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Analyzing Threats and Vulnerabilities . . . . . 973
Threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 973
Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
Security Concepts and Technologies. . . . . . . 982
Physical Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Logical Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985
Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Malicious Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Malware Signs and Symptoms . . . . . . . . 997
Malware Prevention and Recovery . . . . . . 998
1101 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005
Internet Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Authentication and Encryption . . . . . . . 1014
Wireless Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017
Chapter 27 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
Chapter 28 ■ Operational Procedures 1026
1102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
Implementing Best Practices Associated with Documentation and
Support Systems Information Management . . . . . 1027
Asset Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027
Documentation for Policies, Procedures, Industry Standards, and Compliance. . . 1030
Ticketing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Knowledge Base/Articles . . . . . . . . . . 1034
Change-Management Best Practices . . . . . . 1034
Documented Business Processes . . . . . . 1034
Change-Management Process . . . . . . . . 1035
Environmental Impacts and Local Environmental Controls . . . . . . . . . . . 1038
Temperature, Humidity, and Ventilation. . . 1039
Hazardous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040
Prohibited Content/Activity and Privacy, Licensing, and Policies . . . . . . . 1041
Data Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Regulated Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Licensing, End-User License Agreement, and Digital Rights Management. . . . . 1043
Incident Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1044
Beyond A+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1046
Chapter 28 Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047
Appendix A ■ Mapping to the CompTIA A+ Objectives 1052
220-1101 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052
220-1102 Exam Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Appendix B ■ About the Online Content 1090
System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090
Your Total Seminars Training Hub Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090
Privacy Notice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090
Single User License Terms and Conditions . . . 1091
TotalTester Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092
Pre-Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092
Playing the CompTIA A+ Introduction Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Mike’s CompTIA A+ Video Training Sample. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
TotalSims Sample for CompTIA A+ . . . . . . 1093
Mike’s Cool Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
■ Glossary 1094
■ Index 1139

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