Construction, Materials, Methods, and Techniques: Building for a sustainable future, Fifth Edition
By Eva Kultermann and William P. Spence
Table of Contents
Part I Introduction
Division 00 Procurement and
Contracting Requirements
Csi MasterFormat® 1
Division 01 General Requirements 2
Chapter 01 The Construction Industry:
An Overview 3
Learning Objectives 3
Construction: A Dynamic Industry 4
Pre-Construction Activities 5
Pre-Design and Design
Development 6
Building Information Modeling 9
Construction Documents 9
Specifications and the
MasterFormat 9
The Project Delivery Process 11
Construction Contractors 11
Selecting the Contractor 12
Project Delivery Methods and
Types of Construction Contracts 12
Design-Bid-Build 13
Design-Build 13
Construction Management (CM) 13
Integrated Project Delivery 14
Lean Construction 14
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) 14
The Construction Process 14
Construction Methods:
Subcontractor Agreements 15
Construction Scheduling 15
Permitting 15
Pre-Construction Planning and
Temporary Facilities 16
Shop Drawings, Submittals,
and Mock-Ups 16
Construction Observation 18
Contractor Requests for
Information (RFI) 18
Modifications to the Construction
Contract 18
Project Close Out 19
Construction Safety 19
Review Questions 19
Key Terms 20
Activities 20
Additional Resources 20
Chapter 02 Regulatory Constraints, Standards,
and Green Building Rating Systems 21
Learning Objectives 21
The Regulatory Environment—
Zoning and Codes 21
Zoning Ordinances 21
Building Codes 22
The Development of Building Codes 22
The International Residential Code 24
The International Building Code (IBC) 24
Organization and Content of the
International Building Code 25
Americans with Disabilities Act
(ada)/Universal Design 27
Standard Development Organizations 28
National Institute of Building Sciences
(NIBS) 28
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 28
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) 29
ASTM International 29
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) 29
American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) 30
National Association of Home Builders
of the United States (NAHB) 30
Trade Associations 30
American Concrete Institute (ACI) 31
Portland Cement Association (PCA) 31
The Masonry Institute of America 31
American Institute of Steel
Construction (AISC) 31
American Wood Council (AWC) 31
Sustainable Design and Green
Building Rating Systems 32
The Environmental Impact of the
Construction Industry 32
Sustainable Construction 33
Sustainable Design 34
Sustainable Building Certification
Systems 34
The U.S. Green Building Council
(USGBC) and LEED Rating System 34
LEED NC Version 4 36
Green Globes 37
NAHB National Green Building
Program™ 37
Energy Star 38
Other Assessment and
Certification Programs 38
Review Questions 40
Key Terms 40
Activities 41
Additional Resources 41
Part II Site Construction and
Earthwork
Chapter 03 Properties of Materials 42
Learning Objectives 42
Material Groups 42
Material Properties 43
Mechanical Properties 44
Thermal Properties 47
Acoustical Properties 48
Chemical Properties 48
Environmentally Preferable
Products (Epps) 49
Embodied Energy 49
Construction Methods:
Composite Materials 50
Natural Resources/Habitat Degradation 50
Renewable Materials 51
Recycled and Post-Consumer/Post-
Industrial/Agricultural Materials 51
Toxicity to the Environment 51
Sustainable Construction Materials
Assessment Criteria 52
Review Questions 52
Key Terms 52
Activities 53
Additional Resources 53
Division 02 Existing Conditions CSI
MasterFormat 54
Division 31 Earthwork CSI MasterFormat 55
Chapter 04 The Building Site 56
Learning Objectives 56
Site Assessment 56
Land Surveying 56
Environmental Assessment 57
Subsurface Investigation 58
Site Plans 58
Site Work Activities 58
Sedimentation and Erosion
Control 58
Storm-Water Drainage 60
Demolition 61
Site Remediation 61
Earthwork 61
Grading 62
Excavation 63
Sheeting 63
Cofferdams and Caissons 65
Construction Techniques:
Blasting 67
Dewatering Techniques 67
Underpinning Techniques 68
Paving 68
Asphalt Paving 68
Concrete Paving 69
Unit Paving 69
Seismic Considerations 71
Review Questions 71
Key Terms 72
Activities 72
Additional Resources 72
Chapter 05 Soils 73
Learning Objectives 73
Types of Soils 73
Soil Classification 73
Unified Soil Classification System 74
American Association of State
Highway and Transportation
Officials System 74
Subsurface Soil Testing 75
Field Classification of Soil 77
Testing for Soil Coarseness 78
Dry Strength Test 78
Toughness Test 78
Shaking Test 78
Soil Volume Characteristics 79
Soil Water 79
Soil-Bearing Capacities 79
Soil Alterations 80
Compaction 81
Soil Stabilization with Admixtures 82
Review Questions 83
Key Terms 84
Activities 84
Additional Resources 84
Chapter 06 Foundations 85
Learning Objectives 85
Foundation Design 85
Foundation Types 86
Shallow Foundations 87
Spread Footings 88
Slab and Raft Foundations 89
Deep Foundations 90
Displacement Piles 91
Methods of Driving Displacement Piles 93
Non-Displacement Piles 94
Geopier Foundations 95
Review Questions 97
Key Terms 97
Activities 97
Additional Resources 97
Part III Concrete and Masonry
Division 03 Concrete CSI MasterFormat 98
Chapter 07 Concrete 99
Learning Objectives 99
Portland Cement 100
ASTM-Designated Types of
Portland Cement 100
Properties of Portland Cement 102
Storing Portland Cement 103
Water 103
Construction Methods:
Supplementary Cementing
Materials
(SCMs) 104
Aggregates 104
Characteristics of Aggregates 104
Grading Aggregates 106
Structural Lightweight Aggregates 107
Insulating Lightweight Aggregates 108
Heavyweight Aggregates 108
Testing Aggregates for Impurities 108
Handling and Storing Aggregates 108
Admixtures 108
Air-Entraining Agents 108
Retarders 109
Water Reducers 110
Accelerators 110
Pozzolans 110
Workability Agents 110
Superplasticizers 111
Permeability-Reducing and
Damp Proofing Agents 111
Bonding Agents 112
Coloring Agents 112
Hardeners 112
Grouting Agents 113
Gas-Forming Agents 113
Basics Of Concrete 113
Water–Cement Ratio 113
Minimum Cement Content 114
Aggregates 115
Entrained Air 115
Slump 115
Concrete Design 115
Normal-Weight Concrete 116
Lightweight Insulating Concrete 116
Lightweight Structural Concrete 116
Heavyweight Structural Concrete 116
Concrete Tests 116
Tests with Fresh Concrete 116
Tests with Hardened Concrete 119
Nondestructive Tests 120
Emerging Trends in Concrete 120
Review Questions 121
Key Terms 122
Activities 122
Additional Resources 122
Chapter 08 Cast-in-Place Concrete 123
Learning Objectives 123
Building Codes 123
Preparing Concrete 124
Batching 124
Mixing 124
Stationary Mixing 124
Ready-Mix Concrete 124
Remixing 124
Transporting, Handling,
and Placing Concrete 125
Moving Concrete 125
Placing Concrete 126
Placing Concrete in Cold Weather 126
Placing Concrete in Hot Weather 127
Pneumatic Placement 127
Finishing Concrete 127
Curing Concrete 128
Formwork 129
Concrete Reinforcing Materials 133
Steel Reinforcing Bars 133
Welded Wire Reinforcement 134
Fiber Reinforcement 139
Cast-in-Place Concrete Elements 140
Casting On-Grade Slabs 140
Cast-in-Place Reinforced
Concrete Walls 140
Reinforcing Cast-in-Place Beams 142
Reinforcing Cast-in-Place Columns 142
Cast-in-Place Concrete
Framing Systems 142
General Construction Procedures 142
One-Way Flat Slab Floor
and Roof Construction 143
Two-Way Flat Slab Floor
and Roof Construction 144
Tilt-Up Wall Construction 145
Construction Methods:
Strip-Applied Waterstops 147
Lift-Slab Construction 147
Slip Forming 148
Review Questions 148
Key Terms 149
Activities 149
Additional Resources 149
Chapter 09 Precast Concrete 150
Learning Objectives 150
Advantages of Precast Concrete Units 150
Building Codes 150
Pre-Stressing Precast Concrete 151
Pre-Tensioned Units 152
Post-Tensioned Units 153
Precast Concrete Elements 153
Precast Concrete Slabs 153
Precast Concrete Columns 154
Beams and Girders 154
Precast Concrete Wall Panels 155
Connecting Precast Units 156
Types of Connections 156
Grout, Mortar, and Drypack 156
Connection Details 156
Erecting Precast Concrete 158
Construction Planning 158
Transporting Units to the Site 160
Erecting Precast Concrete 162
Review Questions 164
Key Terms 165
Activities 165
Additional Resources 165
Division 04 Masonry CSI MasterFormat 166
Chapter 10 Mortars for Masonry Walls 167
Learning Objectives 167
Mortar Composition 168
Cementitious Materials 168
Masonry Cements 168
Other Mortar Ingredients 168
Types of Mortar 168
Sources of Mortar 169
Properties of Plastic Mortar 171
Workability 171
Water Retention 172
Properties of Hardened Mortar 172
Bond Strength 172
Durability 173
Compressive Strength 173
Low Volume Change 173
Appearance 173
Rate of Hardening 173
Colored Mortar 173
Mortar in Cold Weather 174
Surface-Bonding Mortars 175
Review Questions 175
Key Terms 175
Activities 176
Additional Resources 176
Chapter 11 Clay Masonry 177
Learning Objectives 177
Clays 177
Manufacturing Clay Bricks 177
Winning and Storage 178
Forming the Bricks 178
Drying 179
Glazing 179
Burning and Cooling 179
Drawing and Storage 179
Clay Masonry Units 179
Solid Masonry 179
Brick Pavers 180
Firebrick 180
Thin Brick 181
Hollow Masonry 181
Material Specifications for Clay Masonry 183
Weathering Index 183
Grades, Types, and Classes 183
Properties of Clay Brick and Tile 185
Compressive Strength 185
Durability 185
Absorption 185
Color 185
Texture 185
Fire Resistance 186
Other Fired Clay Products 188
Architectural Terra-Cotta
and Ceramic Veneer 188
Review Questions 189
Key Terms 189
Activities 189
Additional Resources 189
Chapter 12 Concrete Masonry 190
Learning Objectives 190
Manufacture of Concrete
Masonry Units 190
Physical Properties of Concrete
Masonry Units 191
Types of Concrete Masonry Units 193
Modular Size Blocks 193
Concrete Brick 193
Slump Block 193
Concrete Block 193
Concrete Retaining Walls 198
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Block (AAC) 198
Material Specifications 198
Grades 199
Types 199
Weights 200
Review Questions 200
Key Terms 201
Activities 201
Additional Resources 201
Chapter 13 Stone 202
Learning Objectives 202
Basic Classifications of Rock 202
Igneous Rock 202
Sedimentary Rock 203
Metamorphic Rock 203
Types and Uses of Stone 204
Quarrying and Producing
Natural Stone 205
Choosing Stone 205
Manufactured Stone 206
Stone Composite Panels 206
Review Questions 207
Key Terms 207
Activities 207
Additional Resources 207
Chapter 14 Masonry Construction 208
Learning Objectives 208
Masonry Walls 209
Masonry Unit Positions 209
Masonry Bond Patterns 209
Laying Brick Masonry Walls 210
Mortar Joints 211
Laying Concrete Masonry Walls 211
Openings in Masonry Walls 211
Control and Expansion Joints 217
Types of Masonry Walls 217
Reinforced Masonry 218
Masonry Composite Walls 218
Masonry Cavity Walls 221
Insulated Masonry Cavity Walls 223
Masonry Veneer 224
Brick Masonry Columns 224
Masonry Construction Details 224
Stone Masonry Construction 224
Structural Clay Tile Construction 228
Laying Structural Clay
Tile Walls 228
Estimating Masonry Materials 228
Review Questions 230
Key Terms 231
Activities 231
Additional Resources 231
Part IV Metals, Wood, and Plastics
Division 05 Metals CSI MasterFormat 232
Chapter 15 Ferrous Metals 233
Learning Objectives 233
Iron 233
Mining and Processing Iron Ore 234
Producing Iron from Iron Ore 234
Cast Irons 236
Steelmaking 237
Basic Oxygen Process 237
Electric Steelmaking Processes 237
Manufacturing Steel Products 238
Steel Recycling 240
Steel Identification Systems 240
The Unified Numbering System
for Metals and Alloys 241
Steel and Steel Alloys 242
Plain Carbon Steels 242
Alloy Steels 242
Types of Structural Steel 243
Stainless and Heat-Resisting
Steels 244
Steel Products 246
Structural Steel Products 246
Sheet Steel Products 248
Other Products 250
Testing Metals 252
Review Questions 253
Key Terms 253
Activities 254
Additional Resources 254
Chapter 16 Nonferrous Metals 255
Learning Objectives 255
Aluminum 255
Mining Aluminum 255
Refining Bauxite Ore 255
Construction Materials:
History of Aluminum 256
The Bayer Process 256
The Hall–Héroult Electrolytic Process 256
Aluminum Alloys 257
UNS Designations 257
Temper Designations 258
Aluminum Castings 259
Aluminum Finishes 259
Natural Finishes 259
Mechanical Finishes 259
Chemical Finishes 259
Anodic Finishes 261
Coatings 265
Protecting a Finished Aluminum
Product 265
Routine Maintenance of Aluminum
Surfaces 266
Joining Aluminum Members 266
Aluminum Products 266
Copper 267
History of Copper 267
Properties of Copper 267
Production of Copper 267
Classifying Copper and Copper
Alloys 268
Copper Alloys 269
Copper Alloy Finishes 270
Care of Copper and Copper Alloys 270
Uses of Copper 270
Brass 270
History of Brass 271
Plain Brasses (Copper-Zinc Alloys) 271
Leaded Brasses
(Copper-Zinc-Lead Alloys) 272
Tin Brasses (Copper-Zinc-Tin Alloys) 272
Bronze 272
Lead 273
History of Lead 273
Properties of Lead 273
Production of Lead 273
Grades of Lead 273
Lead Alloys 274
UNS Designations 274
Uses of Lead 274
Solders 274
Properties 274
Types of Solder 275
Fluxes 275
Tin 275
Properties and Working
Characteristics of Tin 275
Production of Tin 275
UNS Designations 276
Uses of Tin 276
Terneplate 276
Uses of Terneplate 276
Production of Terne Sheets 276
Titanium 276
History 276
Properties 277
Working Characteristics 277
Production of Titanium 277
Titanium Alloys 277
UNS Designations 277
Uses of Titanium 277
Nickel 277
History 277
Properties 278
Working Characteristics 278
Production of Nickel 278
Nickel Alloys 278
UNS Designations 278
Uses of Nickel 278
Zinc 278
Properties 278
Working Characteristics 278
Production of Zinc 278
Zinc Alloys 279
UNS Designations 279
Uses of Zinc 279
Zinc Galvanizing Processes 279
Galvanic Corrosion 280
Review Questions 280
Key Terms 281
Activities 281
Additional Resources 281
Chapter 17 Steel Frame Construction 282
Learning Objectives 282
Structural Steel Drawings 283
The Steel Frame 284
Frame Stability 285
Steel Frame Connections 285
Simple Connections 286
Moment Connections 287
Riveted Connections 288
Bolted Connections 289
Welded Connections 290
Construction Methods:
Fasteners for Metal-Building
Construction 291
The Erection Process 292
Decking 295
Metal Decking 295
Concrete Decking 298
Pre-Engineered Metal Building Systems 298
Other Steel Construction Systems 300
Light-Gauge Steel Framing 300
Fire Protection of the Steel Frame 301
Review Questions 304
Key Terms 304
Activities 304
Additional Resources 304
Division 06 Wood, Plastics, and
Composites CSI MasterFormat 305
Chapter 18 Wood, Plastics, and Composites 306
Learning Objectives 306
Tree Species 306
Softwoods 306
Hardwoods 308
The Structure of Wood 308
Wood Defects 308
Lumber Manufacturing 308
Seasoning Lumber 310
Air-Dried Lumber 311
Kiln-Dried Lumber 312
Dehumidification and Solar Kilns 312
Unseasoned Lumber 312
Lumber Sizes 312
Softwood Lumber 312
Hardwood Lumber 314
Buying Lumber 314
Lumber Grading and Testing 315
Lumber Grades 315
Lumber Classifications as to
Manufacture 315
Size Classifications 316
Stress-Rated Lumber 317
In-Grade Testing Program 319
Physical and Chemical
Composition of Wood 320
Porosity of Wood 320
Composition of Wood 321
Hygroscopic Properties of Wood 321
Moisture Content 321
Fiber Saturation Point 323
Equilibrium Moisture Content 323
How Moisture Affects Wood
Properties 325
Construction Materials:
Sustainable Forestry 326
Specific Gravity 327
Structural Properties of Wood 327
Bending 328
Shear 329
Modulus of Elasticity 329
Tension 329
Compression 329
Gluing Properties 330
Other Properties of Wood 330
Thermal Properties 330
Decorative Features 330
Decay Resistance 331
Insect Damage 331
Pressure-Treated Wood and Plywood 332
Safety Information 332
Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) 332
Alkaline Copper Quat (ACQ) 332
Bardac-Treated Wood 332
Copper Azole (CA) 333
Pentachlorophenol 333
Methyl Isothiocyanate 333
Applying Preservatives 333
Effect of Treatment on Strength 333
Quality Certification 333
Fire-Retardant Treatments 334
Review Questions 334
Key Terms 334
Activities 335
Additional Resources 335
Chapter 19 Products Manufactured from Wood 336
Learning Objectives 336
Plywood and Other Panel Products 336
Plywood Panel Construction 336
Specifications for Plywood Panels 337
Construction and Industrial Plywood 337
APA Performance-Rated Panels 339
Specialty Plywood 340
Hardwood Plywood 340
Reconstituted Wood Products 343
Structural Building Components 345
Other Products Manufactured
from Wood 350
Review Questions 351
Key Terms 351
Activities 351
Additional Resources 352
Chapter 20 Wood and Metal Light Frame
Construction 353
Learning Objectives 353
Wood Framing and the
Building Codes 354
Building Codes 354
Preparing the Site 354
Excavation 354
Foundations for Light Wood Frame
Construction 354
Wood Foundations 358
Interior Piers and Columns 358
Evolution of Light Wood
Frame Construction 358
Platform Framing 359
Floor Framing 361
Wall Framing 361
Ceiling Framing 365
Framing the Roof 366
Wood Trusses 366
Wood Roof Trusses 366
Wood Floor Trusses 366
Pre-Manufactured Wood
Construction 366
Construction Methods:
Optimum Value Engineering 367
Fasteners for Wood Frame
Construction 367
Nails 368
Wood Connectors 370
Light-Gauge Steel Framing 370
Review Questions 374
Key Terms 374
Activities 374
Additional Resources 375
Chapter 21 Heavy Timber Construction 376
Learning Objectives 376
Building Codes 377
Fire Resistance 377
Timber Frame Construction 377
Timber Joinery 378
Engineered Timber Frame Construction 378
Arches and Domes 378
Columns, Beams, and Trusses 383
Connection Details 384
Decking 385
Sheathing 385
Mass Timber Construction 386
Construction Techniques:
Metal Fasteners 388
Review Questions 390
Key Terms 390
Activities 390
Additional Resources 390
Chapter 22 Finishing the Exterior and
Interior of Light Wood Frame
Buildings 391
Learning Objectives 391
Finishing the Exterior 391
Framing the Eaves and Rake 391
Ventilating the Attic 393
The Finished Roof Material 393
Installing the Weather Shield 394
Installing Windows 395
Exterior Door Installation 396
Installing the Exterior Finish 396
Finishing the Interior 400
Installing Insulation 401
Interior Wall and Ceiling
Finishes 401
Interior Finish Carpentry 402
Installing Interior Doors 402
Installing Casings and
Moldings 403
Installing Cabinets 404
Installing Stairs 405
Other Finish Items 405
Review Questions 407
Key Terms 407
Activities 407
Additional Resources 408
Chapter 23 Plastics 409
Learning Objectives 409
Molecular Structure of Plastic 410
Classifications 410
Thermoplastics 410
Thermosetting Plastics 411
Bioplastics 411
Additives 411
Plasticizers 411
Fillers 412
Stabilizers 412
Colorants 412
Properties of Plastics 412
Mechanical Properties 413
Electrical Properties 413
Thermal Properties 413
Chemical Properties 414
Density 414
Specific Gravity 414
Optical Properties 414
Manufacturing Processes 414
Recycled Plastic Products 415
Plastic Construction Materials 416
Thermoplastics 416
Thermosets 418
Review Questions 420
Key Terms 420
Activities 421
Additional Resources 421
Part V Thermal and Moisture/
Openings/Finishes
Division 07 Thermal and Moisture
Protection
CSI MasterFormat 422
Chapter 24 Thermal Insulation and
Vapor Barriers 423
Learning Objectives 423
Heat Transfer 424
Conduction 424
Convection 425
Radiation 425
Insulation Materials 426
Batts and Blankets 426
Loose-Fill Insulation 428
Rigid Insulation 429
Blown Insulation 429
Aerogel and Other Innovations 430
Reflective Barriers 431
Construction Materials:
Superinsulation 431
Water and Vapor Considerations 432
Rainwater Protection 432
Water Vapor Transfer 432
Vapor Retarders 433
Control of Air Leakage 434
Review Questions 435
Key Terms 435
Activities 436
Additional Resources 436
Chapter 25 Bonding Agents, Sealers,
and Sealants 437
Learning Objectives 437
Bonding Agents 437
Curing of Bonding Agents 437
Types of Bonding Agents 438
Sealers for Exterior Materials 440
Wood Sealers 441
Sealants 442
Sealant Performance
Considerations 442
Types of Sealants 443
Sealants and Joint Design 444
Backup Materials 444
Caulking and Glazing 446
Waterproofing Membranes
and Coatings 446
Bituminous Coatings 446
Construction Techniques:
Waterproofing Tips 447
Liquid Coatings 448
Synthetic Sheet Membranes 448
Cement-Based Waterproofing 449
Lead Waterproofing 450
Bentonite Clay Waterproofing 450
Review Questions 450
Key Terms 451
Activities 451
Additional Resources 451
Chapter 26 Bituminous Materials 452
Learning Objectives 452
Properties of Bitumens 452
Asphalt 453
Asphalt Paving 455
Laboratory Tests of Asphalt 455
Other Products Made with
Bituminous Materials 457
Coal Tar Pitch 457
Felts 457
Ice and Water Shield 457
Fiberglass Sheet Material 457
Fireproofing Paper 457
Waterproof Coatings 457
Bituminous Roof Coverings 458
Roll Roofing 458
Asphalt and Fiberglass Shingles 458
Hot Bitumen Built-Up Roof
Membranes 458
Modified Asphalt Roofing
Systems 459
Cold-Applied Asphalt Roofing
Systems 460
Review Questions 460
Key Terms 461
Activities 461
Additional Resources 461
Chapter 27 Roofing Systems 462
Learning Objectives 462
Building Codes 462
Roofing Components 463
Roof Decks 463
Vapor Retarders 464
Insulation 464
Flashing 465
Finished Roofing 465
Low-Slope Roof Assemblies 465
Built-Up Roofing 465
Modified Bitumen Membranes 467
Single-Ply Membranes 468
Spray- and Liquid-Applied
Membranes 469
Low-Slope Metal Roofing 470
Low-Slope Roof Flashing 470
Low-Slope Roof Drainage 471
Steep-Slope Roof Assemblies 472
Shingle Roofing 472
Asphalt Shingles 472
Wood Shingles and Shakes 475
Slate Shingles 477
Clay and Concrete Roof Tiles 478
Photovoltaic Roofing 479
Steep-Slope Metal Roofing Assemblies 480
Metal Roofing Materials 480
Standing Seam Roofing 481
Flat and Batten Seam Roofing 482
Exposed Fastener Metal Roofing 482
Steep-Roof Flashing and Drainage 483
Cool Roofing 484
Construction Methods:
Green Roofs 485
Review Questions 485
Key Terms 486
Activities 486
Additional Resources 486
Division 08 Openings CSI MasterFormat 487
Chapter 28 Glass 488
Learning Objectives 488
Types of Glass 489
The Manufacture of Glass 489
Float Glass 489
Sheet Glass 489
Properties of Soda-Lime-Silica Glass 490
Mechanical Properties 490
Thermal Properties 490
Chemical Properties 491
Electrical Properties 491
Optical Properties 491
Heat-Treating Glass 492
Annealing 492
Tempering 492
Heat Strengthening 492
Chemical Strengthening 492
Finishes 492
Etching 492
Sandblasting 492
Patterned Finish 492
Silvering 492
Ceramic Frit 493
Tinting 493
Physical Properties of Glazing Systems 494
Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF) 494
U-Value (U) 494
Visible Light Transmittance (Vt) 494
Shading Coefficient (Sc) 494
Emissivity (e) 494
Glass Products 494
Tempered Glass 494
Laminated Glass 495
Reflective Glass 496
Low-E Glass 496
Insulating Glass 496
Wired Glass 498
Spandrel Glass 499
Bent Glass 500
Ceramic Glass 500
Architectural Beveled Glass 500
Channel glass 500
Glass Block 500
Smart Glazing 501
Photovoltaic Glazing 502
Self-Cleaning Glass 502
Review Questions 502
Key Terms 503
Activity 503
Additional Resources 503
Chapter 29 Doors, Windows, Entrances,
and Storefronts 504
Learning Objectives 504
Doors 504
Door Operating and Material Types 504
Swinging Doors 505
Bypass and Folding Doors 506
Revolving Doors 507
Specialty Doors 507
Wood and Plastic Doors 508
Fiberglass Doors 509
Hollow-Core Metal Doors 509
Hollow Metal Doorframes 509
Metal Fire Doors and Frames 510
Glass Doors 511
Door Hardware 512
Hinges 513
Locking Mechanisms 515
Windows 515
Window Terms and Types 516
Wood Windows 516
Plastic Windows 517
Steel Windows 517
Aluminum Windows 517
Composite Materials 521
Special Windows 521
Entrances and Storefronts 522
Review Questions 523
Key Terms 523
Activity 523
Additional Resources 523
Chapter 30 Cladding Systems 524
Learning Objectives 524
Cladding Design Considerations 524
Structural Performance 524
Control of Movement 526
Control of Wind Forces 526
Connections 528
Solar Control 528
Fire, Noise, and Pollution Control 529
Maintenance Concerns 529
Water Management for Cladding
Systems 531
Methods of Water Penetration 531
The Rainscreen Principle 532
Metal and Glass Curtain Wall Systems 533
Stick System 534
Unitized System 534
Unit and Mullion System 535
Column- Cover- and- Spandrel System 535
Glass-Fixing Methods 536
Point-Supported Glazing 536
Structural Glazing Systems 539
Masonry, Stone, Eifs, and Metal Cladding
Systems 540
Masonry Curtain Walls 540
Stone Curtain Walls 541
Precast Concrete Cladding 543
Modified Stucco Curtain Walls 544
Metal Cladding Systems 546
Sealing Joints for Cladding Systems 546
Sealant Joints 546
Types of Sealant Materials 547
Solid Sealant Materials 548
Review Questions 549
Key Terms 549
Activities 549
Additional Resources 550
Division 09 Finishes, Paints, and Coatings
CSI MasterFormat 551
Chapter 31 Interior Finishes, Paints, and
Coatings 552
Learning Objectives 552
Performace Criteria for Interior Finishes 553
Environmental Concerns 553
Appearance 554
Cost 554
Code Requirements 554
Durability and Maintenance 556
Acoustical Considerations 556
Electrical and Mechanical Systems
Integration 556
Paints and Coatings 558
Federal Regulations 558
Lead in Coatings 558
Air-Quality Regulations 558
Composition of Coatings 558
Wet Film Thickness 559
Dry Film Thickness 560
Factors Affecting Coatings 560
Clear Coatings 560
Natural-Resin Varnishes 560
Synthetic-Resin Varnishes 561
Lacquer 562
Opaque Coatings 562
Primers for Opaque Coatings 564
Types of Opaque Coatings 565
Phenolic Coatings 566
Urethane or Polyurethane Coatings 566
Construction Techniques:
Testing for Lead Paint 567
Special-Purpose Coatings 567
Reflective Coatings 567
Pigmented Fire-Retardant
Coatings 567
Intumescent Fire-Retardant
Coatings 567
Stains 568
Exterior Stains 568
Interior Stains 568
Fillers 569
Review Questions 569
Key Terms 570
Activities 570
Additional Resources 570
Chapter 32 Acoustical Materials 571
Learning Objectives 571
Sound 571
Sound Waves 571
Frequency of Sound Waves 572
Sound Intensity 572
Sound Control 572
Sound Transmission Class 573
Impact Isolation Class 573
Noise-Reduction Coefficient 573
Acoustical Materials 574
Floor Coverings 574
Acoustical Plaster 574
Acoustical Ceiling Tile and
Wall Panels 575
Sound Barriers 577
Construction Techniques 577
Controlling Sound from Vibrations 578
Review Questions 579
Key Terms 580
Activities 580
Additional Resources 580
Chapter 33 Interior Walls, Partitions,
and Ceilings 581
Learning Objectives 581
Fire-Resistant Interior Assemblies 581
Interior Gypsum Wall Partitions 583
Metal-Stud Nonbearing
Interior Walls 583
Gypsum 585
Types of Gypsum Board Products 585
Installing Gypsum Wallboard 586
Finishing Gypsum Wallboard 587
Plaster Finishes 588
Plaster over Masonry and
Concrete Walls 590
Structural Clay Tile Partitions 591
Ceramic Tile-Wall Finishes 591
Wood-Product Wall Finishes 591
Ceiling Construction 593
Suspended Ceilings 594
Furred and Direct-Contact
Ceilings 596
Review Questions 596
Key Terms 597
Activities 597
Additional Resources 597
Chapter 34 Flooring 598
Learning Objectives 598
Performance Criteria for Flooring 599
Hard-Surface Flooring 599
Concrete Flooring 599
Brick and Stone Flooring 600
Clay Tile Flooring 601
Mortars and Adhesives for Tile Floors 602
Tile Grout 602
Terrazzo Flooring 602
Wood Flooring 603
Solid Wood Flooring 603
Strip Flooring 604
Planks 604
Wood Strip and Plank Floor
Installation 604
Parquet Flooring 606
Engineered and Laminate
Wood Flooring 607
Bamboo Flooring 607
Resilient Flooring 608
Linoleum and Sheet Vinyl 608
Vinyl Composition Tile (VCT) 608
Rubber Flooring 609
Cork Flooring 610
Seamless Flooring Materials 610
Carpeting 611
Introduction to Carpet Systems 611
Carpet Fibers 611
Carpet Construction 612
Woven Carpets 612
Tufted, Knitted, Flocked,
and Bonded Carpet 613
Carpet Cushions 613
Carpet Installation 614
Raised-Access Flooring 615
Review Questions 615
Key Terms 616
Activities 616
Additional Resources 616
Part VI Specialties, Equipment, and
Furnishings
Division 10 Specialties
CSI MasterFormat 617
Division 11 Equipment
CSI MasterFormat 618
Division 12 Furnishings
CSI MasterFormat 619
Chapter 35 Specialties, Equipment, and
Furnishings 620
Learning Objectives 620
Visual Display Boards 620
Compartments and Cubicles 621
Louvers, Grilles, Vents, and Screens 621
Service Wall Systems 622
Walls and Corner Guards 622
Access Flooring 623
Pest Control 623
Fireplaces and Stoves 623
Manufactured Exterior Specialties 623
Flagpoles 623
Identifying Devices 623
Pedestrian Control Devices 625
Lockers and Shelving 625
Fire Protection Specialties 625
Protective Covers 625
Postal Specialties 625
Demountable Partitions 626
Operable Partitions 627
Exterior Protection Devices for
Openings 627
Telephone Specialties 627
Toilet and Bath Accessories 627
Scales 627
Wardrobe and Closet Specialties 627
Residential and Commercial
Equipment 628
Maintenance Equipment 628
Security and Ecclesiastical
Equipment 628
Mercantile Equipment 628
Solid-Waste-Handling Equipment 629
Office Equipment 629
Construction Materials:
Security of Valuables 630
Residential Equipment and
Unit Kitchens 630
Fluid Waste Treatment and
Disposal 630
Medical Equipment 631
Furnishings 631
Artwork 631
Murals and Wall Hangings 631
Sculpture 632
Stained Glass 632
Ecclesiastical Artwork 633
Fabrics 633
Manufactured Casework 633
Window Treatment 633
Furniture and Accessories 634
Rugs and Mats 634
Multiple Seating 635
Interior Plants and Planters 635
Review Questions 635
Key Terms 636
Activities 636
Additional Resources 636
Part VII Special Construction and
Conveying Systems
Division 13 Special Construction
CSI MasterFormat 637
Chapter 36 Special Construction 638
Learning Objective 638
Special Facility Components 638
Pools and Spas 638
Special-Purpose Rooms 639
Special Structures 640
Fabric and Membrane Structures 640
Fabric Membranes 641
Air-Supported Structures 641
Geodesic Structures 643
Space Frames 644
Integrated Assemblies 644
Pre-Engineered Structures 645
Waste and Utilities Sections 645
Measurement and Control
Instrumentation 645
Review Questions 645
Key Terms 645
Activity 646
Additional Resources 646
Division 14 Conveying Equipment
CSI MasterFormat 647
Chapter 37 Conveying Systems 648
Learning Objectives 648
Elevator Code Standards 648
Elevator Components 649
Elevator Hoistways 649
Hoistway Doors 649
Machine Rooms 649
Venting Hoistways 649
Hoistway Sizes 650
Elevator Cars 651
Elevator Types 652
Electric Passenger Elevators 652
Traction Driving Mechanisms 652
Geared Traction Elevators 652
Gearless Traction Elevators 653
Electric Elevator Control 653
Platform Safeties 653
Cables (Roping) 654
Winding Drum Machines 655
Counterweights 655
Operating Systems 655
Hydraulic Elevators 656
Freight Elevators 656
Observation Elevators 657
Residential Elevators 658
Automated Transfer Systems 658
Dumbwaiters 658
Cart and Tote Box Transfer Systems 659
Wheelchair Lifts and Stair Lifts 660
Escalators 660
Escalator Components 661
Standards and Safety 661
Installation Examples 662
Escalator Sizes 662
Moving Walks and Ramps 662
Other Conveying Equipment 663
Shuttle Transit 663
Conveyers and Pneumatic
Tube Systems 664
Pneumatic Tube Systems 664
Material Conveyors 665
Cranes and Hoists 666
Review Questions 667
Key Terms 667
Activity 667
Additional Resources 668
Division 21 Fire Suppression
CSI MasterFormat 669
Chapter 38 Fire-Suppression Systems 670
Learning Objectives 670
Fire Codes 670
Fire and Smoke Management 670
Fire Management 671
Smoke Control Systems 672
Fire-Suppression Systems 673
Automated Water Sprinkler
Systems 673
Sprinkler Heads 674
Foam Fire-Suppressant Systems 676
Gas Fire-Suppression Systems 676
Dry Chemical Systems 677
Manual Fire-Suppression Systems 677
Review Questions 679
Key Terms 679
Activities 679
Additional Resources 679
Division 22 Plumbing CSI MasterFormat 680
Chapter 39 Plumbing Systems 681
Learning Objectives 681
Plumbing Codes 681
Potable Water Supply 681
Potable Water Distribution Systems 682
Gas Distribution Systems 683
Piping, Tubing, and Fittings 683
Pipe Connections 687
Water Pipe Fittings 688
Valves 688
Pipe Insulation 689
Water Pipe Sizing 690
Sanitary Piping 691
Calculating Waste Pipe Sizes 694
Sanitary Piping Systems 694
Indirect Wastes 695
Residential Sanitary Piping 695
Multistory Building Sanitary
Piping Systems 695
The Sovent System 698
Non-Potable Water Systems 699
Roof Drainage 700
Plumbing Equipment 701
Water Heating 701
Construction Techniques:
Solar Hot Water 702
Plumbing Fixtures 704
Review Questions 708
Key Terms 709
Activities 709
Additional Resources 709
Division 23 Heating, Ventilating,
and Air-Conditioning
CSI MasterFormat 710
Chapter 40 Heating, Air-Conditioning,
Ventilation, and Refrigeration 711
Learning Objectives 711
HVAC Codes 711
Heat Balance 711
Heat Transfer 712
Sensible and Latent Heat 712
Human Comfort 713
Ventilation 713
Methods of Ventilation 715
Types of Air Filters 715
Fuel and Energy Used For HVAC 716
Coal 716
Fuel Oil 716
Natural Gas 717
Propane and Butane 717
Solid Waste 717
Wood 717
Electricity 718
Geothermal 718
Ground Heat 718
Solar 718
Air Heating Equipment 718
Warm-Air Furnaces 718
Heat Pumps 720
Air-Conditioning With Duct Systems 724
All-Air Distribution Systems 725
Single-Zone Systems 725
Multi-Zone Systems 726
Reheat Systems 726
Variable Air Volume Systems 726
Dual-Duct Systems 728
Types Of Duct Systems 728
Ducts 728
Duct Pressure 728
Duct Classification 729
Forced-Air Duct Systems 730
Supply-Air Outlets and Return-Air
Inlets for Warm-Air Heating Systems 731
Types of Supply Outlets 732
Diffuser Applications 733
Return-Air Inlets and Exhaust-Air
Inlets 734
Humidity Control 734
Humidification Equipment 734
Construction Materials:
Building Commissioning 735
Desiccant Dehumidification 735
Hydronic (Hot Water) Heating Systems 736
One-Pipe Systems 736
Two-Pipe Direct-Return System 737
Two-Pipe Reverse-Return System 737
Multi-Zone Two-Pipe Systems 737
Hydronic Controls 738
Expansion Chambers 738
Pipe Systems for Water Heating
and Cooling 739
Two-Pipe Systems 739
Four-Pipe Systems 739
Steam Heating Systems 739
Two-Pipe Steam Heating Systems 740
Boilers 740
Terminal Equipment For Hot-Water
and Steam-Heating Systems 742
Natural Convection Terminal
Units 742
Forced-Convection Heating
Units 743
Chilled-Water Cooling Systems
For Large Buildings 744
Centrifugal Chillers 745
The Absorption Chiller Refrigeration
System 746
Single-Effect Absorption Chillers 747
Double-Effect Absorption Chillers 747
Positive-Displacement Chillers 748
Evaporative Air Coolers 748
Direct Evaporative Air Coolers 748
Indirect Evaporative Air Coolers 748
Radiant Heating And Cooling 748
Piping in Ceilings 749
Piping in Floors 749
Electric Heating Systems 749
Review Questions 752
Key Terms 753
Activities 753
Additional Resources 754
Division 26 Electrical
CSI MasterFormat 755
Chapter 41 Electrical Equipment and Systems 756
Learning Objectives 756
Electrical Loads 756
Basics of Electricity 756
Ohm’s Law 757
Conductors 757
AC and DC Current 757
Power and Energy 758
Electrical Codes 758
Electric Power Sources 758
Hydroelectric Power Generation 758
Fossil Fuel-Powered Generators 758
Nuclear-Powered Generators 759
On-Site Power Generation 759
Solar Energy 759
Wind Energy Systems 762
Cogeneration 762
Electrical Supply 763
Electrical Distribution Systems In
Buildings 763
The Service Entrance 764
Switchgear and Switchboards 765
Panelboards 765
Electrical Power Conductors 767
Cables 768
Flat Conductor Cables 769
Cable Bus and Busways 769
Raceways 769
Cable Trays 769
Conduit 769
Meters 772
Motor Control Centers 772
Transformers 772
Switches 773
Other Switches 774
Overcurrent Protection Devices 775
Lighting 776
Illumination Design
Considerations 776
Lighting-Related Measurements 777
Levels of Illumination 777
Measuring Illuminance Levels 777
Measuring Luminance 777
Glare 777
Reflection 777
Construction Materials:
Choosing Light and Color 779
Room Cavity Ratio 779
Lighting Systems 780
General Illumination 781
Task Lighting 781
Selective Lighting 781
Daylight Integration 782
Lighting Control Systems 782
Types of Lamps 782
Incandescent Lamps 783
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps 783
Fluorescent Lamps 784
High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 786
Light-Emitting Diodes 788
Review Questions 788
Key Terms 788
Activities 789
Additional Resources 789
Division 28 Electronic
Safety and Security
CSI MasterFormat 790
Chapter 42 Electronic Signal and
Security Systems 791
Learning Objectives 791
Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm
Systems 791
Security Systems 792
Surveillance Systems 793
Access Control Systems 793
Electronic Monitoring and Control 794
Construction Techniques:
Home Security Systems 795
Telecomunications and Data Systems 795
Review Questions 796
Key Terms 796
Activities 796
Additional Resources 796
Appendices
Appendix A: Level 2 Numbers and Titles 797
Appendix B: Master Format 818
Appendix C: U.S. and Canadian Professional and Technical Organizations 821
Appendix D: Metric Information 837
Appendix E: Weights of Building Materials 839
Appendix F: Names and Atomic Symbols of Selected Chemical Elements 841
Appendix G: Coefficients of Thermal Expansion for Selected Construction Materials 843
Appendix H: Conversion Tables 844
Glossary 849
Index 866