Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas, 8th Edition
by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger and William A. Joseph
by Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger and William A. Joseph
Contents
Preface xxiii
PART I INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Introducing Comparative Politics 1
Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, and William A. Joseph
SECTION 1: Comparative Politics in a Volatile World 2
Making Sense of Turbulent Times 5
SECTION 2: What—and How—Comparative Politics Compares 6
Level of Analysis 9
Causal Theories 11
SECTION 3: Themes for Comparative Analysis 13
Theme 1: A Globalizing World of States 13
Theme 2: Governing the Economy 15
Theme 3: The Democratic Idea 17
Theme 4: The Politics of Collective Identities 20
SECTION 4: Classifying Political Systems 22
SECTION 5: Organization of the Text 26
The Making of the Modern State 26
Political Economy and Development 27
Governance and Policy-Making 27
Representation and Participation 28
Politics in Transition 28
Key Terms, Suggested Readings, and Suggested Websites 29
PART II CONSOLIDATED DEMOCRACIES
Chapter 2 Britain 38
Joel Krieger
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern British State 39
Politics in Action 39
Geographic Setting 39
Critical Junctures 41
The Consolidation of the British State 41 The Seventeenth-Century Settlement 43
The Industrial Revolution and the British Empire 43 The British Empire 44
Industrial Change and the Struggle for Voting Rights 44 World Wars, Industrial Strife,
and the Depression (1914–1945) 44 Collectivist Consensus (1945–1979) 45
New Labour’s Third Way 45 The Conservative–Liberal Coalition 46 Brexit 47
The Four Themes and Britain 48
Britain in a Globalized World of States 48
Themes and Comparisons 50
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 50
State and Economy 50
Economic Management 51 The Consensus Era 51 Thatcherite Policy Orientation 52
New Labour’s Economic Policy Approach 52 The Coalition Government’s Economic
Policy 52 New Labour Becomes Old Labour Once Again 52
Social Policy 53
Society and Economy 53
Inequality and Ethnic Minorities 54 Inequality and Women 55
Environmental Issues 56
Britain in the Global Economy 56
SECTION 3: Governance and Policymaking 58
Organization of the State 58
The Executive 59
Cabinet Government 59 Bureaucracy and Civil Service 61
Public and Semipublic Institutions 63
Other State Institutions 64
The Military and the Police 64 The Judiciary 65 Subnational Government 65
The Policymaking Process 66
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 67
The Legislature 67
The House of Commons 67 The Legislative Process 67 The House of Lords 68
Reforms in Behavior 68 Structural Changes: Parliamentary Committees 69
Political Parties and the Party System 69
The Labour Party 69 The Conservative Party 70 Liberal Democrats 71
Elections 72
The Electoral System and the 2010 Election 72 Gender, Ethnicity,
and Representation 73 Trends in Electoral Behavior 74
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 75
Social Class 75 National Identity 76
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 76
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 77
SECTION 5: British Politics in Transition 78
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 78
Constitutional Reform 78 Identities in Flux 79
Is Demography Destiny? 80
British Politics in Comparative Perspective 81
Chapter 3 France 84
Mark Kesselman
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern French State 85
Politics in Action 85
Geographic Setting 86
Critical Junctures 88
Creating Modern France 88 The Ancien Régime 89 The Two Faces of the French
Revolution (1789–1815) 90 Many Regimes, Slow Industrialization (1815–1940) 90
Vichy France (1940–1944) and the Fourth Republic (1946–1958) 91 The Fifth
Republic (1958–present) 93 2002: The Le Pen Bombshells and Their Aftermath 94
The 2017 Presidential Elections: Reshuffling the Deck 95 France after September 11 95
The French “Non”—Now or Forever? 96
The Four Themes and France 96
France in a Globalized World of States 96 Governing the Economy 97
The Democratic Idea 97 Politics of Collective Identity 97
Themes and Comparisons 97
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 98
State and Economy 98
The New French Revolution 98 French-Style Economic Management 99 France’s
Economic Miracle 99 French Socialism in Practice—and Conservative Aftermath 99
France’s Neoliberal Modernization Strategy 100 Assessing French Economic
Performance 101
Society and Economy 101
Labor Relations 102 Inequality and Ethnic Minorities 102 Inequality and
Women 102 The Generation Gap 103
Environmental Issues 103
France in the Global Economy 104
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 105
Organization of the State 105
The Executive 107
The President 107 The Prime Minister and Government 109 Bureaucracy and
Civil Service 110 Public and Semipublic Agencies 111
Other State Institutions 111
The Judiciary 111 The Constitutional Council 112 State Council 112
Subnational Governments 112 The Military and Police 113
The Policy-Making Process 113
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 114
The Legislature 114
How a Bill Becomes a Law 115 Electing the Legislature 116
Political Parties and the Party System 116
The Major Parties 116 Minor Parties 119
Elections 119
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 121
Social Class 122 Ethnicity and Immigration 122 Citizenship and National
Identity 123 Gender 124
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 125
French Trade Unions 125 Social Movements and Protest 126
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 126
SECTION 5: French Politics in Transition 127
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 128
Reshaping the French Social Model? 128 “Oui” to Roquefort Cheese, “Non” to
Genetically Engineered Products 128 The Challenge of the FN 129
France Falling? 129 France’s Relation to Terrorism 129
Is Demography Destiny? 130
French Politics in Comparative Perspective 130
Chapter 4 Germany 133
Wade Jacoby
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern German State 134
Politics in Action 134
Geographic Setting 136
Critical Junctures 138
The Second Reich (1871–1918) 138 The Weimar Republic (1918–1933) 139
The Third Reich (1933–1945) 140 A Divided Germany (1945–1990) 141
The Challenge of German Unification (1990–2001) 142 Germany after
September 11, 2001 143
The Four Themes and Germany 144
Germany in a Globalized World of States 144
Comparisons 145
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 146
State and Economy 146
The Social Market Economy 146 Semipublic Institutions 147 Current Strains on
the Social Market Economy 149
Society and Economy 150
Ethnicity and Economy 150 Gender and Economy 151
Environmental Issues 152
Germany in the Global Economy 152
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 154
Organization of the State 154
Government Institutions 154
The Executive 155
The President 155 The Chancellor 155 The Cabinet 157 The Bureaucracy 158
Other State Institutions 158
The Military and Police 159 The Judiciary 160 Subnational Government 160
The Policy-Making Process 161
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 162
The Legislature 162
The Bundestag 163 The Bundesrat 165
Political Parties and the Party System 165
The Christian Democrats 166 The Social Democratic Party 166 The Greens 167
The Free Democratic Party 168 The Left Party 168 Alternative for Germany 169
Elections 169
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 171
Refugees, Immigration, and Migrant Labor 171
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 172
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 174
SECTION 5: German Politics in Transition 176
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 177
Is Demography Destiny? 178
German Politics in Comparative Perspective 179
Chapter 5 European Union 183
George Ross
SECTION 1: The Making of the European Union 184
Politics in Action 184
Geographic Setting 185
Critical Junctures 185
Four Themes and the European Union 187
Comparisons 188
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 189
Environmental Issues 194
SECTION 3: EU Governance and Policy-Making 198
Organizing a Nonstate: EU Institutions 198
The European Commission: Executive and Bureaucracy? 199 The Council of Ministers
and the European Council 200
Other Institutions 201
The European Parliament: A European Legislature? 201 The European Union Court of
Justice 203 The Eurogroup, Advisory Committees, Agencies 204
SECTION 4: The EU and Its Policies 205
Federal Policies 205
Building a European Market 205 Competition Policy 206
Agriculture 207
Regional Development 207
The EU Budget 208
EMU and the Euro 209
Shared Policies 209
Globalization and Competitiveness 209 Social Policy 210
Intergovernmental Europe? 211
Justice and Home Affairs 211 Foreign and Security Policy 212
SECTION 5: Representation and Participation in the EU 215
The European Parliament 217
Political Cultures, Citizenship, and Identities 217
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 218
Elections 221
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 221
SECTION 6: Europolitics in Transition 222
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 223
Is Demography Destiny? 224
Politics in Comparative Perspective 224
The EU: Summary and Prospects 225
Chapter 6 Japan 228
Shigeko Fukai and Haruhiro Fukui
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Japanese State 229
Politics in Action 229
Geographic Setting 230
Critical Junctures 231
Premodern Japan 231 Meiji Restoration and Taisho Democracy (1868–1925) 235
Rise and Fall of Militarist Nationalism (1926–1945) 236 The Birth and Evolution of a
Pacifist Democracy (1945–Present) 237
The Four Themes and Japan 238
Japan in a Globalized World of States 238 Governing the Economy 239
The Democratic Idea 239 Politics of Collective Identity 239
Comparisons 240
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 241
State and Economy 241
Society and Economy 243
Environmental Issues 245
Japan in the Global Economy 246
SECTION 3: Governance and Policymaking 248
Organization of the State 248
The Executive 250
Prime Minister and Cabinet 250 The National Bureaucracy 251
Other State Institutions 253
The Military 253 The Judiciary 253 The Police 255
Subnational Government 255
The Policymaking Process 256
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 257
The Legislature 257
Political Parties and the Party System 258
Elections 261
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 263
The Ainu and Okinawans 263 Outcast Groups 264 Koreans and Other Resident
Foreigners 265
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 265
Women’s Movement 267 Protest 268
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 269
SECTION 5: Japanese Politics in Transition 271
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 271
Is Demography Destiny? 272
Japanese Politics in Comparative Perspective 273
Chapter 7 India 276
Atul Kohli and Amrita Basu
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Indian State 277
Politics in Action 277
Geographic Setting 278
Critical Junctures 280
The Colonial Legacy (1757–1947) 281 The Nationalist Movement and Partition
(1885–1947) 282 The Nehru Era (1947–1964) 283 The Indira Gandhi Era
(1966–1984) 284 Coalition Governments (1989 to the Present) 286 September 11
and Its Aftermath 287
The Four Themes and India 288
India in a Globalized World of States 288 Governing the Economy 288
The Democratic Idea 288 The Politics of Collective Identity 288 Implications for
Comparative Politics 288
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 289
State and Economy 290
The Economy after Independence 290 Economic Liberalization 291
Reforms in Agriculture 291
Society and Economy 292
Inequality and Social Welfare Policy 292
Environmental Issues 294
India in the Global Economy 295
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 296
Organization of the State 296
The Executive 298
The Prime Minister and Cabinet 298 The Prime Minister 298 The Cabinet 299
The Bureaucracy 299
Other State Institutions 300
The Military and the Police 300 The Judiciary 301 Subnational Government 302
The Policy-Making Process 303
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 303
The Legislature 303
Political Parties and the Party System 305
The Congress Party 307 The Janata Party and Janata Dal 307
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 308 The Communist Party of India (CPM) 309
The Aam Admi Party 309
Elections 311
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 311
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 312
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 314
SECTION 5: Indian Politics in Transition 315
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 315
The Challenge of Ethnic Diversity 315 Political Violence 316 India-Pakistan
Tensions 316 Nuclear Weapons 316 Kashmir in a World of States 317
India’s Regional Relations 317 Economic Performance 318 International Power
and Domestic Prosperity 319 Institutional Decay 319
Is Demography Destiny? 320
Indian Politics in Comparative Perspective 321
Chapter 8 The United States 324
Louis DeSipio
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern American State 325
Politics in Action 325
Geographic Setting 327
Critical Junctures 327
The Revolutionary Era (1773–1789) 328 The Civil War and Reconstruction
(1861–1876) 330 The New Deal Era (1933–1940) 330 Divided Government,
Frequently Shifting Partisan Dominance, and Political Contestation of the Scope of
Government (1968 to the Present) 331 September 11, 2001, and Its Aftermath 332
The Four Themes and the United States 332
The United States in a Globalized World of States 332 Governing the Economy 333
The Democratic Idea 333 The Politics of Collective Identity 333
Themes and Comparisons 334
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 334
State and Economy 334
Society and Economy 337
Environmental Issues 340
The United States in the Global Economy 341
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 344
Organization of the State 344
The Executive 346
The Presidency 346 The Cabinet and the Bureaucracy 347
Other State Institutions 348
The Judiciary 348 Subnational Government 349 The Military 350
National Security Agencies 350
The Policy-Making Process 350
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 352
The Legislature 352
Political Parties and the Party System 354
Elections 356
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 358
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 359
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 361
SECTION 5: United States Politics in Transition 362
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 362
Is Demography Destiny? 365
U.S. Politics in Comparative Perspective 365
PART III MIXED SYSTEMS
Chapter 9 Brazil 369
Alfred P. Montero
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Brazilian State 370
Politics in Action 370
Geographic Setting 371
Critical Junctures 372
The Brazilian Empire (1822–1889) 372 The Old Republic (1889–1930) 373
The 1930 Revolution 374 The Populist Republic (1945–1964) 375 The Rise of
Bureaucratic Authoritarianism (1964–1985) 376 The Transition to Democracy and the
First Civilian Governments (1974–2001) 376 Brazil after September 11, 2001 378
The Four Themes and Brazil 380
Brazil in a Globalized World of States 380 Governing the Economy 380
The Democratic Idea 380 The Politics of Collective Identity 380
Themes and Comparisons 381
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 382
State and Economy 382
The Fiscal System 383 The Problem of Inflation 384
Society and Economy 385
The Welfare System 385 Agrarian Reform 387
Environmental Issues 387
Brazil in the Global Economy 388
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 390
Organization of the State 390
The Executive 391
The Bureaucracy: State and Semipublic Firms 393
Other State Institutions 394
The Judiciary 394 Subnational Government 395 The Military and the Police 395
The Policy-Making Process 396
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 398
The Legislature 398
Political Parties and the Party System 399
Elections 402
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 402
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 405
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 406
SECTION 5: Brazilian Politics in Transition 407
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 407
Is Demography Destiny? 410
Brazilian Politics in Comparative Perspective 410
Chapter 10 Mexico 415
Halbert Jones
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Mexican State 416
Politics in Action 416
Geographic Setting 419
Critical Junctures 420
Independence, Instability, and Dictatorship (1810–1910) 420 The Mexican Revolution
and the Sonoran Dynasty (1910–1934) 422 Lázaro Cárdenas, Agrarian Reform, and
the Workers (1934–1940) 423 The Politics of Rapid Development (1940–1982) 423
Crisis and Reform (1982–2000) 423 Since 2000: Mexico as a Multiparty Democracy 425
The Four Themes and Mexico 427
Mexico in a Globalized World of States 427 Governing the Economy 427
The Democratic Idea 428 The Politics of Collective Identity 428
Comparisons 429
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 430
State and Economy 430
Import Substitution and Its Consequences 430 Sowing the Oil and Reaping a Crisis 432
New Strategies: Structural Reforms and NAFTA 433 The Mexican Economy Today 433
Society and Economy 435
Environmental Issues 435
Mexico in the Global Economy 436
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 438
Organization of the State 438
The Executive 438
The President and the Cabinet 438 The Bureaucracy 440 The Parastatal Sector 441
Other State Institutions 441
The Military 441 The Judiciary 442 Subnational Government 443
The Policy-Making Process 444
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 445
The Legislature 445
Political Parties and the Party System 446
The PRI 446 The PAN 448 The PRD and Morena 449 Other Parties 450
Elections 451
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 451
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 452
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 453
SECTION 5: Mexican Politics in Transition 455
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 456
Is Demography Destiny? 458
Mexican Politics in Comparative Perspective 459
Chapter 11 South Africa 462
Tom Lodge
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern South African State 463
Politics in Action 463
Geographic Setting 465
Critical Junctures 465
Dynamics of the Frontier, 1779–1906 467 Imperialists Against Republicans,
1867–1910 468 The Origins of Modern Institutionalized Racism, 1910–1945 468
Apartheid and African Resistance, 1945–1960 469 The Sharpeville Massacre
and Grand Apartheid, 1960–1976 469 Generational Revolt and Political Reform,
1976–1990 472 The South African Miracle, 1990–1999 472
The Four Themes and South Africa 474
South Africa in a Globalized World of States 474 Governing the
Economy 474 The Democratic Idea 475 Collective Identity 475
Themes and Comparisons 475
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 476
State and Economy 476
Apartheid Economics 476 Liberalization and Deregulation 477
Society and Economy 478
Black Empowerment 479
Environmental Issues 480
South Africa in the Global Economy 481
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 483
Organization of the State 483
The Executive 484
Other State Institutions 487
The Judiciary and the Police 487 National Security Organizations 489
Subnational Government 489
The Policy-Making Process 491
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 492
The Legislature 492
Political Parties and the Party System 493
The African National Congress 494 Smaller Parties 495
Elections 498
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 500
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 500
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 501
SECTION 5: South African Politics in Transition 502
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 502
Economic Challenges 504
Is Demography Destiny? 505
South African Politics in Comparative Perspective 505
Chapter 12 Nigeria 509
Darren Kew and Peter M. Lewis
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Nigerian State 512
Politics in Action 512
Geographic Setting 513
Critical Junctures 515
The Precolonial Period (800–1900) 515 Colonial Rule and Its Impact (1860–1945) 517
Divisive Identities: Ethnic Politics Under Colonialism (1945–1960) 517 The First
Republic (1960–1966) 518 Civil War and Military Rule (1966–1979) 519
The Second and Third Republics, and Predatory Military Rule (1979–1999) 520
The Fourth Republic (1999–Present) 520
The Four Themes and Nigeria 522
Nigeria in a Globalized World of States 522 Governing the Economy 522
The Democratic Idea 522 Collective Identities 523
Comparisons 523
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 524
State and Economy 524
Origins of Economic Decline 524 From 1985 to the Present: Deepening Economic Crisis
and the Search for Solutions 524
Society and Economy 527
Environmental Issues 529
Nigeria in the Global Economy 530
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 532
Organization of the State 532
The National Question and Constitutional Governance 532 Federalism and State
Structure 532
The Executive 534
The Bureaucracy 536
Other State Institutions 536
The Military 536 The Judiciary 537 Subnational Government 538
The Policy-Making Process 538
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 539
The Legislature 539
Political Parties and the Party System 539
Elections 541
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 542
Modernity Versus Traditionalism 542 Religion 543
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 544
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 545
SECTION 5: Nigerian Politics in Transition 547
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 547
Is Demography Destiny? 550
Nigerian Politics in Comparative Perspective 551
Chapter 13 The Russian Federation 555
Joan DeBardeleben
Section 1: The Making of the Modern Russian State 556
Politics in Action 556
Geographic Setting 558
Critical Junctures 559
The Decline of the Russian Tsarist State and the Founding of the Soviet Union 559
The Bolshevik Revolution and the Establishment of Soviet Power (1917–1929) 559
The Stalin Revolution (1929–1953) 560 Attempts at De-Stalinization
(1953–1985) 561 Perestroika and Glasnost (1985–1991) 563 Collapse of the
USSR and the Emergence of the Russian Federation (1991 to the Present) 563
The Four Themes and Russia 565
Russia in a Globalized World of States 565 Governing the Economy 566
The Democratic Idea 566 The Politics of Collective Identity 566
Comparisons 566
Section 2: Political Economy and Development 567
State and Economy 568
Society and Economy 570
Environmental Issues 572
Russia in the Global Economy 572
Section 3: Governance and Policy-Making 576
Organization of the State 576
The Executive 578
The National Bureaucracy 579 Public and Semipublic Institutions 580
Other State Institutions 581
The Judiciary 581 Subnational Governments 582 The Military and Security Organs 584
The Policy-Making Process 585
Section 4: Representation and Participation 586
The Legislature 586
Political Parties and the Party System 587
The Dominant Party: United Russia 588 Other Parties Represented in the State
Duma 588 Western-Oriented Liberal Parties and Kremlin Critics: Marginalized 591
Elections 592
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 593
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 594
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 596
SECTION 5: Russian Politics in Transition 598
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 598
Is Demographic Destiny? 602
Russian Politics in Comparative Perspective 603
PART IV AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES
Chapter 14 Iran 607
Ervand Abrahamian
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Iranian State 608
Politics in Action 608
Geographic Setting 609
Critical Junctures 612
The Safavids (1501–1722) 612 The Qajars (1794–1925) 613 The Pahlavis
(1925–1979) 613 The Islamic Revolution (1979) 615 The Islamic Republic
(1979–Present) 617 Iran after 9/11 618
The Four Themes and Iran 619
Iran in a Globalized World of States 619 Governing the Economy 620
The Democratic Idea 620 The Politics of Collective Identity 621
Comparisons 621
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 622
State and Economy 622
Iran’s Economy under the Islamic Republic 623
Society and Economy 624
Environmental Issues 626
Iran in the Global Economy 627
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 629
Organization of the State 629
The Executive 630
The Leader and Major Organizations of Clerical Power 630 The Government
Executive 632 The Bureaucracy 633
Other State Institutions 634
The Judiciary 634 The Military 635 Subnational Government 636
Semipublic Institutions 636
The Policy-Making Process 637
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 639
The Legislature 640
Political Parties and the Party System 640
The Liberation Movement 640 The National Front 641 The Mojahedin 641
The Fedayin 641 The Tudeh (Party of the Masses) 641
Elections 641
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 642
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 644
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 645
SECTION 5: Iranian Politics in Transition 646
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 647
Is Demography Destiny? 650
Iranian Politics in Comparative Perspective 650
Chapter 15 China 653
William A. Joseph
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Chinese State 654
Politics in Action 654
Geographic Setting 655
Critical Junctures 657
Warlords, Nationalists, and Communists (1912–1949) 658
Mao Zedong in Power (1949–1976) 659 Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation
of Chinese Communism (1977–1997) 661 From Revolutionaries to Technocrats
(1997–Present) 662
The Four Themes and China 663
China in a Globalized World of States 663 Governing the Economy 664 The
Democratic Idea 664 The Politics of Collective Identity 664
Comparisons 665
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 666
State and Economy 666
China Goes to Market 666 Remaking the Chinese Countryside 668
Society and Economy 669
Environmental Issues 671
China in the Global Economy 672
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 674
Organization of the State 674
The Executive 674
CCP Organization 674 PRC Organization 677
Other State Institutions 679
The Judiciary 679 Subnational Government 680 The Military, Police,
and Internal Security 680
The Policy-Making Process 681
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 682
The Legislature 682
Political Parties and the Party System 683
The CCP 683 China’s Noncommunist “Democratic Parties” 684
Elections 685
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 686
From Communism to Consumerism 686 China’s Non-Chinese Citizens 687
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 689
Protest and the Party-State 689
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 690
SECTION 5: Chinese Politics in Transition 691
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 691
China and the Democratic Idea 693
Is Demography Destiny? 694
Chinese Politics in Comparative Perspective 695
China as a Communist Party-State 695 China as a Developing Country 696
Endnotes 701
Glossary 709
About the Editors and Contributors 721
Index 723
PART I INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 Introducing Comparative Politics 1
Mark Kesselman, Joel Krieger, and William A. Joseph
SECTION 1: Comparative Politics in a Volatile World 2
Making Sense of Turbulent Times 5
SECTION 2: What—and How—Comparative Politics Compares 6
Level of Analysis 9
Causal Theories 11
SECTION 3: Themes for Comparative Analysis 13
Theme 1: A Globalizing World of States 13
Theme 2: Governing the Economy 15
Theme 3: The Democratic Idea 17
Theme 4: The Politics of Collective Identities 20
SECTION 4: Classifying Political Systems 22
SECTION 5: Organization of the Text 26
The Making of the Modern State 26
Political Economy and Development 27
Governance and Policy-Making 27
Representation and Participation 28
Politics in Transition 28
Key Terms, Suggested Readings, and Suggested Websites 29
PART II CONSOLIDATED DEMOCRACIES
Chapter 2 Britain 38
Joel Krieger
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern British State 39
Politics in Action 39
Geographic Setting 39
Critical Junctures 41
The Consolidation of the British State 41 The Seventeenth-Century Settlement 43
The Industrial Revolution and the British Empire 43 The British Empire 44
Industrial Change and the Struggle for Voting Rights 44 World Wars, Industrial Strife,
and the Depression (1914–1945) 44 Collectivist Consensus (1945–1979) 45
New Labour’s Third Way 45 The Conservative–Liberal Coalition 46 Brexit 47
The Four Themes and Britain 48
Britain in a Globalized World of States 48
Themes and Comparisons 50
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 50
State and Economy 50
Economic Management 51 The Consensus Era 51 Thatcherite Policy Orientation 52
New Labour’s Economic Policy Approach 52 The Coalition Government’s Economic
Policy 52 New Labour Becomes Old Labour Once Again 52
Social Policy 53
Society and Economy 53
Inequality and Ethnic Minorities 54 Inequality and Women 55
Environmental Issues 56
Britain in the Global Economy 56
SECTION 3: Governance and Policymaking 58
Organization of the State 58
The Executive 59
Cabinet Government 59 Bureaucracy and Civil Service 61
Public and Semipublic Institutions 63
Other State Institutions 64
The Military and the Police 64 The Judiciary 65 Subnational Government 65
The Policymaking Process 66
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 67
The Legislature 67
The House of Commons 67 The Legislative Process 67 The House of Lords 68
Reforms in Behavior 68 Structural Changes: Parliamentary Committees 69
Political Parties and the Party System 69
The Labour Party 69 The Conservative Party 70 Liberal Democrats 71
Elections 72
The Electoral System and the 2010 Election 72 Gender, Ethnicity,
and Representation 73 Trends in Electoral Behavior 74
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 75
Social Class 75 National Identity 76
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 76
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 77
SECTION 5: British Politics in Transition 78
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 78
Constitutional Reform 78 Identities in Flux 79
Is Demography Destiny? 80
British Politics in Comparative Perspective 81
Chapter 3 France 84
Mark Kesselman
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern French State 85
Politics in Action 85
Geographic Setting 86
Critical Junctures 88
Creating Modern France 88 The Ancien Régime 89 The Two Faces of the French
Revolution (1789–1815) 90 Many Regimes, Slow Industrialization (1815–1940) 90
Vichy France (1940–1944) and the Fourth Republic (1946–1958) 91 The Fifth
Republic (1958–present) 93 2002: The Le Pen Bombshells and Their Aftermath 94
The 2017 Presidential Elections: Reshuffling the Deck 95 France after September 11 95
The French “Non”—Now or Forever? 96
The Four Themes and France 96
France in a Globalized World of States 96 Governing the Economy 97
The Democratic Idea 97 Politics of Collective Identity 97
Themes and Comparisons 97
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 98
State and Economy 98
The New French Revolution 98 French-Style Economic Management 99 France’s
Economic Miracle 99 French Socialism in Practice—and Conservative Aftermath 99
France’s Neoliberal Modernization Strategy 100 Assessing French Economic
Performance 101
Society and Economy 101
Labor Relations 102 Inequality and Ethnic Minorities 102 Inequality and
Women 102 The Generation Gap 103
Environmental Issues 103
France in the Global Economy 104
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 105
Organization of the State 105
The Executive 107
The President 107 The Prime Minister and Government 109 Bureaucracy and
Civil Service 110 Public and Semipublic Agencies 111
Other State Institutions 111
The Judiciary 111 The Constitutional Council 112 State Council 112
Subnational Governments 112 The Military and Police 113
The Policy-Making Process 113
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 114
The Legislature 114
How a Bill Becomes a Law 115 Electing the Legislature 116
Political Parties and the Party System 116
The Major Parties 116 Minor Parties 119
Elections 119
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 121
Social Class 122 Ethnicity and Immigration 122 Citizenship and National
Identity 123 Gender 124
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 125
French Trade Unions 125 Social Movements and Protest 126
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 126
SECTION 5: French Politics in Transition 127
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 128
Reshaping the French Social Model? 128 “Oui” to Roquefort Cheese, “Non” to
Genetically Engineered Products 128 The Challenge of the FN 129
France Falling? 129 France’s Relation to Terrorism 129
Is Demography Destiny? 130
French Politics in Comparative Perspective 130
Chapter 4 Germany 133
Wade Jacoby
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern German State 134
Politics in Action 134
Geographic Setting 136
Critical Junctures 138
The Second Reich (1871–1918) 138 The Weimar Republic (1918–1933) 139
The Third Reich (1933–1945) 140 A Divided Germany (1945–1990) 141
The Challenge of German Unification (1990–2001) 142 Germany after
September 11, 2001 143
The Four Themes and Germany 144
Germany in a Globalized World of States 144
Comparisons 145
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 146
State and Economy 146
The Social Market Economy 146 Semipublic Institutions 147 Current Strains on
the Social Market Economy 149
Society and Economy 150
Ethnicity and Economy 150 Gender and Economy 151
Environmental Issues 152
Germany in the Global Economy 152
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 154
Organization of the State 154
Government Institutions 154
The Executive 155
The President 155 The Chancellor 155 The Cabinet 157 The Bureaucracy 158
Other State Institutions 158
The Military and Police 159 The Judiciary 160 Subnational Government 160
The Policy-Making Process 161
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 162
The Legislature 162
The Bundestag 163 The Bundesrat 165
Political Parties and the Party System 165
The Christian Democrats 166 The Social Democratic Party 166 The Greens 167
The Free Democratic Party 168 The Left Party 168 Alternative for Germany 169
Elections 169
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 171
Refugees, Immigration, and Migrant Labor 171
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 172
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 174
SECTION 5: German Politics in Transition 176
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 177
Is Demography Destiny? 178
German Politics in Comparative Perspective 179
Chapter 5 European Union 183
George Ross
SECTION 1: The Making of the European Union 184
Politics in Action 184
Geographic Setting 185
Critical Junctures 185
Four Themes and the European Union 187
Comparisons 188
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 189
Environmental Issues 194
SECTION 3: EU Governance and Policy-Making 198
Organizing a Nonstate: EU Institutions 198
The European Commission: Executive and Bureaucracy? 199 The Council of Ministers
and the European Council 200
Other Institutions 201
The European Parliament: A European Legislature? 201 The European Union Court of
Justice 203 The Eurogroup, Advisory Committees, Agencies 204
SECTION 4: The EU and Its Policies 205
Federal Policies 205
Building a European Market 205 Competition Policy 206
Agriculture 207
Regional Development 207
The EU Budget 208
EMU and the Euro 209
Shared Policies 209
Globalization and Competitiveness 209 Social Policy 210
Intergovernmental Europe? 211
Justice and Home Affairs 211 Foreign and Security Policy 212
SECTION 5: Representation and Participation in the EU 215
The European Parliament 217
Political Cultures, Citizenship, and Identities 217
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 218
Elections 221
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 221
SECTION 6: Europolitics in Transition 222
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 223
Is Demography Destiny? 224
Politics in Comparative Perspective 224
The EU: Summary and Prospects 225
Chapter 6 Japan 228
Shigeko Fukai and Haruhiro Fukui
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Japanese State 229
Politics in Action 229
Geographic Setting 230
Critical Junctures 231
Premodern Japan 231 Meiji Restoration and Taisho Democracy (1868–1925) 235
Rise and Fall of Militarist Nationalism (1926–1945) 236 The Birth and Evolution of a
Pacifist Democracy (1945–Present) 237
The Four Themes and Japan 238
Japan in a Globalized World of States 238 Governing the Economy 239
The Democratic Idea 239 Politics of Collective Identity 239
Comparisons 240
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 241
State and Economy 241
Society and Economy 243
Environmental Issues 245
Japan in the Global Economy 246
SECTION 3: Governance and Policymaking 248
Organization of the State 248
The Executive 250
Prime Minister and Cabinet 250 The National Bureaucracy 251
Other State Institutions 253
The Military 253 The Judiciary 253 The Police 255
Subnational Government 255
The Policymaking Process 256
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 257
The Legislature 257
Political Parties and the Party System 258
Elections 261
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 263
The Ainu and Okinawans 263 Outcast Groups 264 Koreans and Other Resident
Foreigners 265
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 265
Women’s Movement 267 Protest 268
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 269
SECTION 5: Japanese Politics in Transition 271
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 271
Is Demography Destiny? 272
Japanese Politics in Comparative Perspective 273
Chapter 7 India 276
Atul Kohli and Amrita Basu
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Indian State 277
Politics in Action 277
Geographic Setting 278
Critical Junctures 280
The Colonial Legacy (1757–1947) 281 The Nationalist Movement and Partition
(1885–1947) 282 The Nehru Era (1947–1964) 283 The Indira Gandhi Era
(1966–1984) 284 Coalition Governments (1989 to the Present) 286 September 11
and Its Aftermath 287
The Four Themes and India 288
India in a Globalized World of States 288 Governing the Economy 288
The Democratic Idea 288 The Politics of Collective Identity 288 Implications for
Comparative Politics 288
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 289
State and Economy 290
The Economy after Independence 290 Economic Liberalization 291
Reforms in Agriculture 291
Society and Economy 292
Inequality and Social Welfare Policy 292
Environmental Issues 294
India in the Global Economy 295
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 296
Organization of the State 296
The Executive 298
The Prime Minister and Cabinet 298 The Prime Minister 298 The Cabinet 299
The Bureaucracy 299
Other State Institutions 300
The Military and the Police 300 The Judiciary 301 Subnational Government 302
The Policy-Making Process 303
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 303
The Legislature 303
Political Parties and the Party System 305
The Congress Party 307 The Janata Party and Janata Dal 307
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) 308 The Communist Party of India (CPM) 309
The Aam Admi Party 309
Elections 311
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 311
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 312
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 314
SECTION 5: Indian Politics in Transition 315
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 315
The Challenge of Ethnic Diversity 315 Political Violence 316 India-Pakistan
Tensions 316 Nuclear Weapons 316 Kashmir in a World of States 317
India’s Regional Relations 317 Economic Performance 318 International Power
and Domestic Prosperity 319 Institutional Decay 319
Is Demography Destiny? 320
Indian Politics in Comparative Perspective 321
Chapter 8 The United States 324
Louis DeSipio
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern American State 325
Politics in Action 325
Geographic Setting 327
Critical Junctures 327
The Revolutionary Era (1773–1789) 328 The Civil War and Reconstruction
(1861–1876) 330 The New Deal Era (1933–1940) 330 Divided Government,
Frequently Shifting Partisan Dominance, and Political Contestation of the Scope of
Government (1968 to the Present) 331 September 11, 2001, and Its Aftermath 332
The Four Themes and the United States 332
The United States in a Globalized World of States 332 Governing the Economy 333
The Democratic Idea 333 The Politics of Collective Identity 333
Themes and Comparisons 334
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 334
State and Economy 334
Society and Economy 337
Environmental Issues 340
The United States in the Global Economy 341
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 344
Organization of the State 344
The Executive 346
The Presidency 346 The Cabinet and the Bureaucracy 347
Other State Institutions 348
The Judiciary 348 Subnational Government 349 The Military 350
National Security Agencies 350
The Policy-Making Process 350
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 352
The Legislature 352
Political Parties and the Party System 354
Elections 356
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 358
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 359
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 361
SECTION 5: United States Politics in Transition 362
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 362
Is Demography Destiny? 365
U.S. Politics in Comparative Perspective 365
PART III MIXED SYSTEMS
Chapter 9 Brazil 369
Alfred P. Montero
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Brazilian State 370
Politics in Action 370
Geographic Setting 371
Critical Junctures 372
The Brazilian Empire (1822–1889) 372 The Old Republic (1889–1930) 373
The 1930 Revolution 374 The Populist Republic (1945–1964) 375 The Rise of
Bureaucratic Authoritarianism (1964–1985) 376 The Transition to Democracy and the
First Civilian Governments (1974–2001) 376 Brazil after September 11, 2001 378
The Four Themes and Brazil 380
Brazil in a Globalized World of States 380 Governing the Economy 380
The Democratic Idea 380 The Politics of Collective Identity 380
Themes and Comparisons 381
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 382
State and Economy 382
The Fiscal System 383 The Problem of Inflation 384
Society and Economy 385
The Welfare System 385 Agrarian Reform 387
Environmental Issues 387
Brazil in the Global Economy 388
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 390
Organization of the State 390
The Executive 391
The Bureaucracy: State and Semipublic Firms 393
Other State Institutions 394
The Judiciary 394 Subnational Government 395 The Military and the Police 395
The Policy-Making Process 396
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 398
The Legislature 398
Political Parties and the Party System 399
Elections 402
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 402
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 405
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 406
SECTION 5: Brazilian Politics in Transition 407
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 407
Is Demography Destiny? 410
Brazilian Politics in Comparative Perspective 410
Chapter 10 Mexico 415
Halbert Jones
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Mexican State 416
Politics in Action 416
Geographic Setting 419
Critical Junctures 420
Independence, Instability, and Dictatorship (1810–1910) 420 The Mexican Revolution
and the Sonoran Dynasty (1910–1934) 422 Lázaro Cárdenas, Agrarian Reform, and
the Workers (1934–1940) 423 The Politics of Rapid Development (1940–1982) 423
Crisis and Reform (1982–2000) 423 Since 2000: Mexico as a Multiparty Democracy 425
The Four Themes and Mexico 427
Mexico in a Globalized World of States 427 Governing the Economy 427
The Democratic Idea 428 The Politics of Collective Identity 428
Comparisons 429
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 430
State and Economy 430
Import Substitution and Its Consequences 430 Sowing the Oil and Reaping a Crisis 432
New Strategies: Structural Reforms and NAFTA 433 The Mexican Economy Today 433
Society and Economy 435
Environmental Issues 435
Mexico in the Global Economy 436
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 438
Organization of the State 438
The Executive 438
The President and the Cabinet 438 The Bureaucracy 440 The Parastatal Sector 441
Other State Institutions 441
The Military 441 The Judiciary 442 Subnational Government 443
The Policy-Making Process 444
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 445
The Legislature 445
Political Parties and the Party System 446
The PRI 446 The PAN 448 The PRD and Morena 449 Other Parties 450
Elections 451
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 451
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 452
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 453
SECTION 5: Mexican Politics in Transition 455
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 456
Is Demography Destiny? 458
Mexican Politics in Comparative Perspective 459
Chapter 11 South Africa 462
Tom Lodge
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern South African State 463
Politics in Action 463
Geographic Setting 465
Critical Junctures 465
Dynamics of the Frontier, 1779–1906 467 Imperialists Against Republicans,
1867–1910 468 The Origins of Modern Institutionalized Racism, 1910–1945 468
Apartheid and African Resistance, 1945–1960 469 The Sharpeville Massacre
and Grand Apartheid, 1960–1976 469 Generational Revolt and Political Reform,
1976–1990 472 The South African Miracle, 1990–1999 472
The Four Themes and South Africa 474
South Africa in a Globalized World of States 474 Governing the
Economy 474 The Democratic Idea 475 Collective Identity 475
Themes and Comparisons 475
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 476
State and Economy 476
Apartheid Economics 476 Liberalization and Deregulation 477
Society and Economy 478
Black Empowerment 479
Environmental Issues 480
South Africa in the Global Economy 481
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 483
Organization of the State 483
The Executive 484
Other State Institutions 487
The Judiciary and the Police 487 National Security Organizations 489
Subnational Government 489
The Policy-Making Process 491
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 492
The Legislature 492
Political Parties and the Party System 493
The African National Congress 494 Smaller Parties 495
Elections 498
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 500
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 500
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 501
SECTION 5: South African Politics in Transition 502
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 502
Economic Challenges 504
Is Demography Destiny? 505
South African Politics in Comparative Perspective 505
Chapter 12 Nigeria 509
Darren Kew and Peter M. Lewis
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Nigerian State 512
Politics in Action 512
Geographic Setting 513
Critical Junctures 515
The Precolonial Period (800–1900) 515 Colonial Rule and Its Impact (1860–1945) 517
Divisive Identities: Ethnic Politics Under Colonialism (1945–1960) 517 The First
Republic (1960–1966) 518 Civil War and Military Rule (1966–1979) 519
The Second and Third Republics, and Predatory Military Rule (1979–1999) 520
The Fourth Republic (1999–Present) 520
The Four Themes and Nigeria 522
Nigeria in a Globalized World of States 522 Governing the Economy 522
The Democratic Idea 522 Collective Identities 523
Comparisons 523
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 524
State and Economy 524
Origins of Economic Decline 524 From 1985 to the Present: Deepening Economic Crisis
and the Search for Solutions 524
Society and Economy 527
Environmental Issues 529
Nigeria in the Global Economy 530
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 532
Organization of the State 532
The National Question and Constitutional Governance 532 Federalism and State
Structure 532
The Executive 534
The Bureaucracy 536
Other State Institutions 536
The Military 536 The Judiciary 537 Subnational Government 538
The Policy-Making Process 538
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 539
The Legislature 539
Political Parties and the Party System 539
Elections 541
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 542
Modernity Versus Traditionalism 542 Religion 543
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 544
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 545
SECTION 5: Nigerian Politics in Transition 547
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 547
Is Demography Destiny? 550
Nigerian Politics in Comparative Perspective 551
Chapter 13 The Russian Federation 555
Joan DeBardeleben
Section 1: The Making of the Modern Russian State 556
Politics in Action 556
Geographic Setting 558
Critical Junctures 559
The Decline of the Russian Tsarist State and the Founding of the Soviet Union 559
The Bolshevik Revolution and the Establishment of Soviet Power (1917–1929) 559
The Stalin Revolution (1929–1953) 560 Attempts at De-Stalinization
(1953–1985) 561 Perestroika and Glasnost (1985–1991) 563 Collapse of the
USSR and the Emergence of the Russian Federation (1991 to the Present) 563
The Four Themes and Russia 565
Russia in a Globalized World of States 565 Governing the Economy 566
The Democratic Idea 566 The Politics of Collective Identity 566
Comparisons 566
Section 2: Political Economy and Development 567
State and Economy 568
Society and Economy 570
Environmental Issues 572
Russia in the Global Economy 572
Section 3: Governance and Policy-Making 576
Organization of the State 576
The Executive 578
The National Bureaucracy 579 Public and Semipublic Institutions 580
Other State Institutions 581
The Judiciary 581 Subnational Governments 582 The Military and Security Organs 584
The Policy-Making Process 585
Section 4: Representation and Participation 586
The Legislature 586
Political Parties and the Party System 587
The Dominant Party: United Russia 588 Other Parties Represented in the State
Duma 588 Western-Oriented Liberal Parties and Kremlin Critics: Marginalized 591
Elections 592
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 593
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 594
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 596
SECTION 5: Russian Politics in Transition 598
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 598
Is Demographic Destiny? 602
Russian Politics in Comparative Perspective 603
PART IV AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES
Chapter 14 Iran 607
Ervand Abrahamian
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Iranian State 608
Politics in Action 608
Geographic Setting 609
Critical Junctures 612
The Safavids (1501–1722) 612 The Qajars (1794–1925) 613 The Pahlavis
(1925–1979) 613 The Islamic Revolution (1979) 615 The Islamic Republic
(1979–Present) 617 Iran after 9/11 618
The Four Themes and Iran 619
Iran in a Globalized World of States 619 Governing the Economy 620
The Democratic Idea 620 The Politics of Collective Identity 621
Comparisons 621
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 622
State and Economy 622
Iran’s Economy under the Islamic Republic 623
Society and Economy 624
Environmental Issues 626
Iran in the Global Economy 627
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 629
Organization of the State 629
The Executive 630
The Leader and Major Organizations of Clerical Power 630 The Government
Executive 632 The Bureaucracy 633
Other State Institutions 634
The Judiciary 634 The Military 635 Subnational Government 636
Semipublic Institutions 636
The Policy-Making Process 637
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 639
The Legislature 640
Political Parties and the Party System 640
The Liberation Movement 640 The National Front 641 The Mojahedin 641
The Fedayin 641 The Tudeh (Party of the Masses) 641
Elections 641
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 642
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 644
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 645
SECTION 5: Iranian Politics in Transition 646
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 647
Is Demography Destiny? 650
Iranian Politics in Comparative Perspective 650
Chapter 15 China 653
William A. Joseph
SECTION 1: The Making of the Modern Chinese State 654
Politics in Action 654
Geographic Setting 655
Critical Junctures 657
Warlords, Nationalists, and Communists (1912–1949) 658
Mao Zedong in Power (1949–1976) 659 Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation
of Chinese Communism (1977–1997) 661 From Revolutionaries to Technocrats
(1997–Present) 662
The Four Themes and China 663
China in a Globalized World of States 663 Governing the Economy 664 The
Democratic Idea 664 The Politics of Collective Identity 664
Comparisons 665
SECTION 2: Political Economy and Development 666
State and Economy 666
China Goes to Market 666 Remaking the Chinese Countryside 668
Society and Economy 669
Environmental Issues 671
China in the Global Economy 672
SECTION 3: Governance and Policy-Making 674
Organization of the State 674
The Executive 674
CCP Organization 674 PRC Organization 677
Other State Institutions 679
The Judiciary 679 Subnational Government 680 The Military, Police,
and Internal Security 680
The Policy-Making Process 681
SECTION 4: Representation and Participation 682
The Legislature 682
Political Parties and the Party System 683
The CCP 683 China’s Noncommunist “Democratic Parties” 684
Elections 685
Political Culture, Citizenship, and Identity 686
From Communism to Consumerism 686 China’s Non-Chinese Citizens 687
Interest Groups, Social Movements, and Protest 689
Protest and the Party-State 689
The Political Impact of Technology and the Media 690
SECTION 5: Chinese Politics in Transition 691
Political Challenges and Changing Agendas 691
China and the Democratic Idea 693
Is Demography Destiny? 694
Chinese Politics in Comparative Perspective 695
China as a Communist Party-State 695 China as a Developing Country 696
Endnotes 701
Glossary 709
About the Editors and Contributors 721
Index 723