Advances in Jute Research
By Dr. N. Gokarneshan, M. Maanvizhi and U. Dhatchayani
Contents
Preface ix
1. Colouration of reactive dyed jute fabric using biotechnology 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Technical details 2
1.3 Determination of optical properties 2
1.4 Effects of treatments 3
1.5 Dye uptake, colour strength, and fastness properties 3
References 5
2. Studies on wrap-spun jute yarn 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Technical details 8
2.3 Tensile properties 9
References 12
3. Biofinishing of jute for enhancement of fabric handle 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Technical details 14
3.3 Findings of the investigation 15
3.4 Influences of independent variables on different responses 15
3.5 Influence of enzyme treatment on surface appearance 18
3.6 Influence of enzyme treatment on chosen Kawabata evaluation system parameters and jute fabric handle values 19
3.7 Values of primary and total hand 19
3.8 Infl uence of enzyme treatment on drape coeffi cient 21
References 22
4. Novel approach for jute retting 23
4.1 Introduction 23
4.2 Technical details 24
4.3 Enzymatic activities of isolated fungi 25
4.4 Studies on pH and redox potential 26
4.5 Comparison of the retting methods 26
4.6 Evaluation of fungal dry retting 27
References 28
5. New treatment for characterization of thermal, surface, and tensile properties of jute 29
5.1 Introduction 29
5.2 Technical details 30
5.3 Tensile tests 31
5.4 Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies 32
5.5 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies 33
5.6 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies 34
5.7 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 35
References 36
6. Jute dyeing using natural dyes 39
6.1 Introduction 39
6.2 Technical details 40
6.3 Discussion of findings 40
References 42
7. Influence of thermal treatment on wrap-spun jute yarns 43
7.1 Introduction 43
7.2 Technical details 45
7.3 Influence of dry heating on tensile properties 45
7.4 Influence of boiling water treatment on tensile properties 50
7.5 Influence of dry heating on residual shrinkage 51
7.6 Influence of thermal treatments on twist liveliness of wrap-spun yarns 51
References 51
8. An assessment of traditional system jute classification for composite applications 53
8.1 Introduction 53
8.2 Technical details 54
8.3 Thermostability 55
8.4 Alkali-soluble fraction 56
8.5 Degree of fibre damage 57
8.6 Degree of lignification 58
8.7 Degree of whiteness 60
8.8 Parameters rendering a differentiation between TD classes possible 61
8.9 Parameters enabling differentiation between upper and lower sections 63
References 64
9. Mechanical properties of knitted jute-reinforced composites 67
9.1 Introduction 67
9.2 Technical details 68
9.3 Tensile tests 69
9.4 Flexural tests 70
9.5 Impact tests 71
References 73
10. Influence of dynamic loading on jute non-woven fabric 75
10.1 Introduction 75
10.2 Technical details 76
x Contents
10.3 Findings of the study 76
References 80
11. Yarn pull-out behaviour of jute plain woven fabric 83
11.1 Introduction 83
11.2 Technical details 85
11.3 Findings of the study 85
References 87
12. Chemically and biochemically modifi ed jute substrate –Thermal and structural characteristics 89
12.1 Introduction 90
12.2 Technical details 91
12.3 Surface morphology investigation 93
12.4 X-ray crystallinity, moisture regain, and copper number 95
12.5 Thermal stability 96
12.6 Investigation by FTIR spectroscopy 99
References 101
13. Jute non-woven fabric as composite reinforcement 103
13.1 Introduction 103
13.2 Technical details 104
13.3 Jute non-woven properties 105
13.4 Woven jute-reinforced plastics versus needlepunched non-woven jute fabric 106
13.5 Influence of fibre orientation 107
13.6 Influence of needle penetration depth 108
13.7 Influence of needling density 109
13.8 Influence of mass/unit area 110
13.9 Jute non-woven surface modification 110
13.10 Influence of bleaching 111
13.11 Treatment with alkali 111
13.12 Treatment with enzyme 111
References 112
14. Influence of some factors on compression behaviour of jute needle-punched non-woven fabric using statistical models 113
14.1 Introduction 114
14.2 Technical details 114
14.3 Findings of the investigation 115
References 119
15. Water absorbency of jute needle-punched non-woven fabric 121
15.1 Introduction 121
15.2 Technical details 122
15.3 Wettability 122
15.4 Influence on ESC 124
15.5 Influence on ERS 126
15.6 Correlating the bulk density, ESC, and ERS 128
15.7 Confirmation of model 128
References 130
16. Method for determination of electrical resistance of jute fabric 131
16.1 Introduction 131
16.2 Technical details 132
16.3 Influence of voltage 133
16.4 Influence of fabric type 133
16.5 Influence of gauge length 134
16.6 Influence of moisture 134
16.7 Influence of fibre orientation 135
16.8 Influence of areal density 135
16.9 Influence of heating 136
References 136
17. Ternary blended yarns from jute 139
17.1 Introduction 139
17.2 Technical details 140
17.3 Jute, shrinkable acrylic, and hollow polyester blends 140
17.4 Jute, polypropylene, and hollow polyester 142
17.5 Yarn rupture 142
17.6 Jute-based fabric development in handloom 143
17.7 Developed fabric versus commercial fabric 143
17.8 Influence of washing treatment 144
References 144
18. Developments in instrumentation for testing of jute 147
18.1 Introduction 147
18.2 Technical details 149
18.3 Correction factor caused by contact resistance 154
18.4 Warm-up time for test commencement 154
18.5 Repeatability test 155
References 156
19. Influence of some factors on the physical properties of
jute and hollow polyester yarn 159
19.1 Introduction 160
19.2 Technical details 160
19.3 Statistical interpretation 161
References 170
20. Newly developed jute geotextiles 173
20.1 Introduction 173
20.2 Technical details 174
20.3 Microbial profile of water and soil 175
20.4 Optimization of chemical treatment 175
20.5 Influence of chemical treatment on water repellency and strength retention 175
20.6 Test of compatibility with environment 177
20.7 Prediction of durability 177
20.8 Field tests of treated fabric 178
References 179
21. Qualitative and quantative assessment of microorganisms relating to piling of jute 181
21.1 Introduction 181
21.2 Technical details 182
21.3 Analysis of microbial populations 183
References 186
22. Bleaching of sulphonated jute/cotton blended fabric 189
22.1 Introduction 189
22.2 Technical details 190
22.3 Influence of treatment time and temperature 190
22.4 Influence of hydrogen peroxide 191
22.5 Influence of pH 192
22.6 Influence of fabric–liquor ratio 193
22.7 Thermogravimetric analysis 193
References 194
23. Digital image analysis for evaluation of abrasive damage of jute-based fabric surface 195
23.1 Introduction 196
23.2 Technical details 197
23.3 Choice of texture features 198
23.4 Studies on 100% jute fabric 199
23.5 100% cotton fabric 201
23.6 Jute/cotton fabric 201
23.7 Comparison between 100% jute, 100% cotton, and jute/cotton fabrics 204
References 205
24. Influence of various mordants and dyeing process variables on jute fabric dyeing with extract of natural dye 207
24.1 Introduction 208
24.2 Technical details 209
24.3 Influence of various mordants on mechanical properties 210
24.4 Influence of various mordants on colour yield and colour fastness 210
24.5 Influence of dyeing process variables 211
24.6 Colour strength and related colour interaction parameters 213
24.7 Colour fastness 214
References 216
25. Thermodynamic aspects and dyeing kinetics of jute fabric dyed with natural dye extract 219
25.1 Introduction 219
25.2 Technical details 220
25.3 Study details 221
References 226
26. Bleaching of jute with peracetic acid 229
26.1 Introduction 229
26.2 Technical details 231
26.3 Discussion of the findings 231
References 236
27. Influence of dyeing and finishing on the UV protection
of jute/cotton fabrics 237
27.1 Introduction 237
27.2 Technical details 238
27.3 Influence of jute lignin on UV protection 239
27.4 Influence of bleaching 242
27.5 Influence of sun-protective dyes 242
27.6 Performance of simultaneously dyed and finished fabrics in UV protection 244
27.7 Effect of titanium dioxide 245
References 245
28. Hybrid jute/HTPET-fi bre-reinforced epoxy composites 247
28.1 Introduction 247
28.2 Technical details 249
28.3 Charpy impact properties 251
28.4 Flexural properties 252
References 255
29. Studies on thermal and mechanical characteristics of jute fibre-reinforced composites 257
29.1 Introduction 257
29.2 Technical details 258
29.3 Investigation of the properties 259
29.4 Thermogravimetric analysis of jute composite 262
29.5 Differential scanning calorimetry 262
29.6 Dynamic mechanical analysis 263
29.7 Storage modulus 263
29.8 Loss modulus 265
29.9 Tan δ 266
References 267
30. Evaluation of colour performance and dye compatibility
in the dyeing of jute with binary of natural dyes 269
30.1 Introduction 270
30.2 Technical details 272
30.3 Findings of the investigation 273
30.4 Compatibility tests 275
References 278
Preface
This book comprehensively reviews significant researches in the area of jute. For over years jute fibre had limited areas of application. But researches over the past decade have proved that newer areas of applications are possible. One interesting aspect of jute research is that India has made major contributions in the area, and more particularly West Bengal. The properties of jute fibre have been well investigated and exploited during recent years. I wish to duly acknowledge the authors whose significant contributions have been included in this book so as to create more awareness among readers regarding the versatility of jute fibre in different areas of applications and also to promote the research interest in jute fibre.