Psychology: Themes and Variations, 11th Edition
By Wayne Weiten
Contents:
C H A P T E R 1
The Evolution of psychology 2
1.1 psychology’s Early history 5
A New Science Is Born
The Battle of the “Schools” Begins:
Structuralism Versus Functionalism
Freud Brings the Unconscious into the Picture
Watson Alters Psychology’s Course as Behaviorism
Makes Its Debut
Skinner Questions Free Will as Behaviorism Flourishes
The Humanists Revolt
1.2 psychology’s Modern history 13
Psychology Comes of Age as a Profession
Psychology Returns to Its Roots: Renewed Interest
in Cognition and Physiology
Psychology Broadens Its Horizons: Increased Interest in
Cultural Diversity
Psychology Adapts: The Emergence
of Evolutionary Psychology
Psychology Moves in a Positive Direction
1.3 psychologies Today: Vigorous and Diversified 17
Research Areas in Psychology
Professional Specialties in Psychology
1.4 Seven Unifying Themes 20
Themes Related to Psychology as a Field of Study
Themes Related to Psychology’s Subject Matter
1.5 personal application: Improving academic
Performance 24
Developing Sound Study Habits
Improving Your Reading
Getting More out of Lectures
1.6 Critical Thinking application: developing Critical
Thinking Skills: an Introduction 28
The Skills and Attitudes of Critical Thinking
The Need to Teach Critical Thinking
An Example
Concept Chart 30
C H A P T E R 2
The Research
Enterprise in
Psychology 32
2.1 Looking for Laws: The Scientific approach to
Behavior 33
Goals of the Scientific Enterprise
Steps in a Scientific Investigation
Advantages of the Scientific Approach
2.2 Looking for Causes: Experimental Research 39
Independent and Dependent Variables
Experimental and Control Groups
Extraneous Variables
Variations in Designing Experiments
Advantages and Disadvantages of Experimental
Research
2.3 Looking for Links: Descriptive/Correlational
Research 43
The Concept of Correlation
Naturalistic Observation
Case Studies
Surveys
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Descriptive/Correlational Research
2.4 Looking for Flaws: Evaluating Research 49
Sampling Bias
Placebo Effects
Distortions in Self-Report Data
Experimenter Bias
The Importance of Replication
2.5 Looking at Ethics: Do the Ends
Justify the Means? 56
The Question of Deception
The Question of Animal Research
Ethical Principles in Research
2.6 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 59
2.7 personal applications: Finding and Reading
journal articles 60
The Nature of Technical Journals
Finding Journal Articles
Reading Journal Articles
2.8 Critical Thinking application: The Perils of anecdotal Evidence: “I Have a Friend who . . .” 62
Concept Chart 64
C H A P T E R 3
The Biological Bases of Behavior 66
3.1 Communication in the Nervous System 67
Nervous Tissue: The Basic Hardware
The Neural Impulse: Using Energy to Send Information
The Synapse: Where Neurons Meet
Neurotransmitters and Behavior
3.2 Organization of the Nervous System 76
The Peripheral Nervous System
The Central Nervous System
3.3 The Brain and Behavior 79
Looking Inside the Brain: Research Methods
The Hindbrain
The Midbrain
The Forebrain
The Plasticity of the Brain
3.4 Right Brain/Left Brain: Cerebral Specialization 87
Bisecting the Brain: Split-Brain Research
Hemispheric Specialization in the Intact Brain
3.5 The Endocrine System: another Way to
Communicate 91
3.6 heredity and Behavior: Is It all in the Genes? 92
Basic Principles of Genetics
Detecting Hereditary Influence: Research Methods
The Interplay of Heredity and Environment
3.7 The Evolutionary Bases of Behavior 98
Darwin’s Insights
Later Refinements to Evolutionary Theory
Behaviors as Adaptive Traits
3.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 100
3.9 personal application: Evaluating the Concept of
“Two minds in One” 101
Cerebral Specialization and Cognitive Processes
Complexities and Qualifications
3.10 Critical Thinking application: building better brains: The Perils of Extrapolation 104
The key Findings on Neural Development
The Tendency to Overextrapolate
Concept Chart 106
C H A P T E R 4
Sensation and
Perception 108
4.1 The Visual System: Essentials of Sight 110
The Stimulus: Light
The Eye: A Living Optical Instrument
The Retina: The Brain’s Envoy in the Eye
Vision and the Brain
Viewing the World in Color
4.2 The Visual System: perceptual processes 121
Perceiving Forms, Patterns, and Objects
Perceiving Depth or Distance
Perceptual Constancies in Vision
The Power of Misleading Cues: Visual Illusions
4.3 The auditory System: hearing 130
The Stimulus: Sound
Human Hearing Capacities
Sensory Processing in the Ear
Auditory Perception: Theories of Hearing
Auditory Localization: Perceiving Sources of Sound
4.4 The Other Senses: Taste, Smell, and Touch 134
Taste: The Gustatory System
Smell: The Olfactory System
Touch: Sensory Systems in the Skin
4.5 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 142
4.6 personal application: appreciating art and Illusion 142
4.7 Critical Thinking application: Recognizing
Contrast Effects: It’s all Relative 146
Concept Chart 148
C H A P T E R 5
Variations in
Consciousness 150
5.1 On the Nature of Consciousness 151
Variations in Levels of Awareness
Consciousness and Brain Activity
5.2 Biological Rhythms and Sleep 153
The Role of Circadian Rhythms
Ignoring Circadian Rhythms
Realigning Circadian Rhythms
5.3 The Sleep and Waking Cycle 156
Cycling Through the Stages of Sleep
Age, Culture, and Sleep
Doing Without: Sleep Deprivation
Sleep Loss and Health
Problems in the Night: Sleep Disorders
5.4 The World of Dreams 166
The Contents of Dreams Culture and Dreams Theories of Dreaming
5.5 hypnosis: altered Consciousness or Role playing? 169
Hypnotic Induction and Phenomena
Theories of Hypnosis
5.6 Meditation: pursuing higher
Consciousness 172
5.7 altering Consciousness with Drugs 173
Principal Abused Drugs and Their Effects
Factors Influencing Drug Effects
Mechanisms of Drug Action
Drug Dependence
Drugs and Health
5.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 181
5.9 personal application: addressing Practical
Questions about Sleep and dreams 181
Common Questions about Sleep
Common Questions about Dreams
5.10 Critical Thinking application: Is alcoholism a disease? The Power of definitions 184
The Power to Make Definitions
Definitions, Labels, and Circular Reasoning
Concept Chart 186
C H A P T E R 6
Learning 188
6.1 Classical Conditioning 189
Pavlov’s Demonstration: “Psychic Reflexes”
Terminology and Procedures
Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life
Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning
6.2 Operant Conditioning 199
Skinner’s Demonstration: It’s All a Matter of
Consequences
Terminology and Procedures
Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Positive Versus Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
6.3 Changing Directions in the Study
of Conditioning 211
Recognizing Biological Constraints on Conditioning
Recognizing Cognitive Processes in Conditioning
6.4 Observational Learning 215
Basic Processes
Observational Learning and the Media Violence
Controversy
6.5 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 220
6.6 personal application: achieving Self-Control
through behavior modification 221
Specifying Your Target Behavior
Gathering Baseline Data
Designing Your Program
Executing Your Program
6.7 Critical Thinking application: Recognizing
Contrast Effects: It’s all Relative 224
Classical Conditioning in Advertising
Classical Conditioning in Business Negotiations
Classical Conditioning in the World of Politics
Concept Chart 226
C H A P T E R 7
Human Memory 228
7.1 Encoding: Getting Information into Memory 230
The Role of Attention
Levels of Processing
Enriching Encoding
7.2 Storage: Maintaining
Information in Memory 233
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
How Is knowledge Represented in Memory?
7.3 Retrieval: Getting Information out of Memory 240
Using Cues to Aid Retrieval
Reinstating the Context of an Event
Reconstructing Memories
Source Monitoring
7.4 Forgetting: When Memory Lapses 242
How Quickly We Forget: Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
Measures of Forgetting
Why We Forget
The Repressed Memories Controversy
7.5 In Search of the Memory Trace:
The physiology of Memory 250
The Anatomy of Memory
The Neural Circuitry of Memory
7.6 Different Types of Memory Systems 253
Declarative Versus Nondeclarative Memory
Semantic Versus Episodic Memory
Prospective Versus Retrospective Memory
7.7 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 256
7.8 personal application: Improving Everyday memory 257
Engage in Adequate Rehearsal
Schedule Distributed Practice and Minimize Interference
Engage in Deep Processing and Organize Information
Enrich Encoding with Mnemonic Devices
7.9 Critical Thinking application: Understanding the
Fallibility of Eyewitness accounts 260
The Contribution of Hindsight Bias
The Contribution of Overconfidence
Concept Chart 262
C H A P T E R 8
Cognition and
Intelligence 264
8.1 Language: Turning Thoughts into Words 265
Language Acquisition
Learning More than One Language: Bilingualism
Culture, Language, and Thought
8.2 problem Solving: In Search of Solutions 269
Types of Problems
Barriers to Effective Problem Solving
Approaches to Problem Solving
Culture, Cognitive Style, and Problem Solving
8.3 Decision Making: Choices and Chances 276
Making Choices about Preferences
Heuristics in Judging Probabilities
The Tendency to Ignore Base Rates
The Conjunction Fallacy
Evolutionary Analyses of Fast and Frugal Heuristics
8.4 Measuring Intelligence 281
A Brief History
What Do Modern IQ Scores Mean?
Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Reliability?
Do Intelligence Tests Have Adequate Validity?
Do Intelligence Tests Predict Vocational Success?
Are IQ Tests Widely Used in Other Cultures?
8.5 heredity and Environment as
Determinants of Intelligence 287
Evidence for Hereditary Influence
Evidence for Environmental Influence
The Interaction of Heredity and Environment
Cultural Differences in IQ Scores
8.6 New Directions in the Study of Intelligence 294
Exploring Biological Correlates of Intelligence
Investigating Cognitive Processes in Intelligent Behavior
Expanding the Concept of Intelligence
8.7 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 297
8.8 personal application: measuring and
Understanding Creativity 298
The Nature of Creativity
Measuring Creativity
Correlates of Creativity
8.9 Critical Thinking application: Understanding
Pitfalls in Reasoning about decisions 300
The Gambler’s Fallacy
Overestimating the Improbable
The Effects of Framing
Loss Aversion
Concept Chart 302
C H A P T E R 9
Motivation and
Emotion 304
9.1 Motivational Theories 306
Drive Theories
Incentive Theories
Evolutionary Theories
9.2 The Motivation of hunger and Eating 307
Biological Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
Environmental Factors in the Regulation of Hunger
Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity
9.3 Sexual Motivation and Behavior 314
The Human Sexual Response
Evolutionary Analyses of Human Sexual Motivation
The Mystery of Sexual Orientation
9.4 The achievement Motive 321
Individual Differences in the Need for Achievement
Situational Determinants of Achievement Behavior
9.5 Elements of Emotional Experience 323
The Cognitive Component
The Physiological Component
The Behavioral Component
Culture and the Elements of Emotion
9.6 Theories of Emotion 330
James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory
Evolutionary Theories of Emotion
9.7 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 333
9.8 personal application: Exploring the Ingredients
of Happiness 334
How Happy Are People?
Weak Predictors of Happiness
Moderately Good Predictors of Happiness
Stronger Predictors of Happiness
Conclusions about Subjective Well-Being
9.9 Critical Thinking application: analyzing arguments: making Sense out of Controversy 338
The Anatomy of an Argument
Common Fallacies
Evaluating the Strength of Arguments
Concept Chart 340
C H A P T E R 1 0
Human Development across the
Life Span 342
10.1 progress Before Birth: prenatal Development 344
The Course of Prenatal Development
Environmental Factors and Prenatal Development
10.2 Motor, Social, and Language
Development in Childhood 349
Exploring the World: Motor Development
Early Emotional Development: Attachment
Learning to Communicate: Language Development
10.3 personality, Cognitive, and Moral Development in
Childhood 354
Becoming Unique: Personality Development
The Growth of Thought: Cognitive Development
The Development of Moral Reasoning
10.4 The Transition of adolescence 362
Physiological Changes
Neural Development
The Search for Identity
Emerging Adulthood as a New Developmental Stage
10.5 The Expanse of adulthood 366
Personality Development
Transitions in Family Life
Aging and Physiological Changes
Aging and Neural Changes
Aging and Cognitive Changes
Death and Dying
10.6 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 374
10.7 personal application: Understanding gender differences 374
How Do the Genders Differ in Behavior?
Biological Origins of Gender Differences
Environmental Origins of Gender Differences
10.8 Critical Thinking application: are Fathers
Essential to Children’s well-being? 378
The Basic Argument
Evaluating the Argument
Concept Chart 380
C H A P T E R 1 1
Personality 382
11.1 The Nature of personality 384
Defining Personality: Consistency and Distinctiveness
Personality Traits: Dispositions and Dimensions
The Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits
11.2 psychodynamic perspectives 386
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Jung’s Analytical Psychology
Adler’s Individual Psychology
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
11.3 Behavioral perspectives 395
Skinner’s Ideas Applied to Personality
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
Mischel and the Person-Situation Controversy
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives
11.4 humanistic perspectives 398
Rogers’s Person-Centered Theory
Maslow’s Theory of Self-Actualization
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
11.5 Biological perspectives 403
Eysenck’s Theory
Behavioral Genetics and Personality
The Evolutionary Approach to Personality
Evaluating Biological Perspectives
11.6 Contemporary Empirical
approaches to personality 406
Narcissism
Terror Management Theory
11.7 Culture and personality 412
11.8 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 414
11.9 personal application: Understanding Personality
assessment 415
Self-Report Inventories
Projective Tests
11.10 Critical Thinking application: Hindsight in
Everyday analyses of Personality 418
The Prevalence of Hindsight Bias
Hindsight and Personality
Other Implications of “20-20 Hindsight”
Concept Chart 420
C H A P T E R 1 2
Social Behavior 422
12.1 person perception: Forming Impressions
of Others 424
Effects of Physical Appearance
Stereotypes
Subjectivity in Person Perception
An Evolutionary Perspective on Bias in Person
Perception
12.2 attribution processes: Explaining Behavior 426
Internal Versus External Attributions
Attributions for Success and Failure
Bias in Attribution
Culture and Attributions
12.3 Interpersonal attraction: Liking
and Loving 430
key Factors in Attraction
Perspectives on the Mystery of Love
Culture and Close Relationships
The Internet and Close Relationships
An Evolutionary Perspective on Attraction
12.4 attitudes: Making Social Judgments 437
Components and Dimensions of Attitudes
Implicit Attitudes: Looking Beneath the Surface
Trying to Change Attitudes: Factors in Persuasion
Theories of Attitude Formation and Change
12.5 Conformity and Obedience: Yielding to Others 445
Conformity
Obedience
Cultural Variations in Conformity and Obedience
12.6 Behavior in Groups: Joining with Others 450
Behavior Alone and in Groups: The Case of the
Bystander Effect
Group Productivity and Social Loafing
Decision Making in Groups
12.7 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 453
12.8 personal application: Understanding
Prejudice 454
Sorting out Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
Stereotyping
Making Biased Attributions
Forming and Preserving Prejudicial Attitudes
Competition Between Groups
Dividing the World into Ingroups and Outgroups
12.9 Critical Thinking application: analyzing
Credibility and Social Influence Tactics 458
Evaluating Credibility
Recognizing Social Influence Strategies
Concept Chart 460
C H A P T E R 1 3
Stress, Coping,
and health 462
13.1 The Nature of Stress 463
Stress as an Everyday Event
Appraisal: Stress Lies in the Eye of the Beholder
Major Types of Stress
13.2 Responding to Stress 470
Emotional Responses
Physiological Responses
Behavioral Responses
13.3 Stress and physical health 478
Personality, Hostility, and Heart Disease
Emotional Reactions, Depression, and Heart Disease
Stress, Other Diseases, and Immune Functioning
Sizing Up the Link Between Stress and Illness
Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress
Positive Effects of Stress
13.4 health-Impairing Behavior 484
Smoking
Alcohol and Drug Use
Lack of Exercise
Behavior and HIV/AIDS
13.5 Reactions to Illness 488
Deciding to Seek Treatment
Communicating with Health Providers
Adhering to Medical Advice
13.6 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 490
13.7 personal application: Improving Coping and
Stress management 491
Reappraisal: Ellis’s Rational Thinking
Humor as a Stress Reducer
Releasing Pent-up Emotions and Forgiving Others
Relaxing and Minimizing Physiological Vulnerability
13.8 Critical Thinking application: Thinking Rationally
about Health Statistics and decisions 494
Evaluating Statistics on Health Risks
Thinking Systematically About Health Decisions
Concept Chart 496
C H A P T E R 1 4
psychological
Disorders 498
14.1 General Concepts 499
The Medical Model Applied to Abnormal Behavior
Criteria of Abnormal Behavior
Psychodiagnosis: The Classification of Disorders
14.2 anxiety Disorders, OCD, and pTSD 504
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Specific Phobia
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Etiology of Anxiety-Related Disturbances
14.3 Dissociative Disorders 509
Description
Etiology of Dissociative Disorders
14.4 Depressive and Bipolar Disorders 511
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Mood Dysfunction and Suicide
Etiology of Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
14.5 Schizophrenic Disorders 517
Symptoms
Etiology of Schizophrenia
14.6 autism Spectrum Disorders 522
Symptoms and Prevalence
Etiology of ASD
14.7 personality Disorders 526
Antisocial, Borderline, and Narcissistic Personality
Disorders
Etiology of Personality Disorders
14.8 Eating Disorders 529
Description
Prevalence and Cultural Roots
Etiology of Eating Disorders
14.9 New Directions in the Study of psychological Disorders 532
The Role of Early-Life Stress in Adult Disorders
Genetic Overlap Among Major Disorders
14.10 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 533
14.11 personal application: Understanding
Psychological disorders and the law 534
Insanity Competency
Involuntary Commitment
14.12 Critical Thinking application: working with
Probabilities in Thinking about mental Illness 536
Concept Chart 538
C H A P T E R 1 5
Treatment of psychological Disorders 540
15.1 Elements of the Treatment process 542
Treatments: How Many Types Are There?
Clients: Who Seeks Therapy?
Therapists: Who Provides Professional Treatment?
15.2 Insight Therapies 545
Psychoanalysis
Client-Centered Therapy
Group Therapy
Couples and Family Therapy
How Effective Are Insight Therapies?
How Do Insight Therapies Work?
15.3 Behavior Therapies 552
Systematic Desensitization
Social Skills Training
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments
How Effective Are Behavior Therapies?
15.4 Biomedical Therapies 556
Treatment with Drugs
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
15.5 Current Trends in Treatment 561
Increasing Multicultural Sensitivity in Treatment
Using Technology to Expand the Delivery of Clinical Services
Blending Approaches to Treatment
15.6 Institutional Treatment in Transition 566
Disenchantment with Mental Hospitals
Deinstitutionalization
Mental Illness, the Revolving Door, and Homelessness
15.7 Reflecting on the Chapter’s Themes 569
15.8 personal application: looking for a
Therapist 569
Where Do You Find Therapeutic Services?
Is the Therapist’s Profession or Gender Important?
Is Treatment Always Expensive?
Is the Therapist’s Theoretical Approach Important?
What Is Therapy Like?
15.9 Critical Thinking application: From Crisis to
wellness—but was It the Therapy? 572
Concept Chart 574
APPENDIX A
Practice Tests, answers to the Concept Checks, and answers to
Indentifying Independent and Dependent Variables a1
APPENDIX B
Statistical Methods a25
Glossary G1
References R1
Name Index I1
Subject Index I13
Integrated Coverage Index I29