Automotive Technology: A Systems Approach, Seventh Edition
By Jack Erjavec and Rob Thompson
Contents:
Contents ………………………….iii
Photo Sequences …………………………… xii
Preface …………………………………………xiii
About the Book ………………………………..xiii
New to this Edition …………………………….xiii
Organization and Goals of this Edition…….. xiv
Acknowledgments ………………………………xv
About the Author……………………….. xvi
Features of the Text ………………….xvii
Objectives ………………………………xvii
The Three Cs ……………………………. xvii
Cautions and Warnings ………………….xvii
Shop Talk ……………………………….. xvii
Customer Care ………………………… xvii
Tool Care ……………………………….. xvii
Using Service Information ……………….xviii
Performance Tips ………………………..xviii
“Go To” Feature ……………………….xviii
Photo Sequences ………………….xviii
Procedures …………………………xviii
Key Terms ……………………………xviii
Summary ………………………………xviii
Review Questions ………………………xviii
ASE-Style Review Questions ……….xviii
Metric Equivalents……………………. xix
Supplements………………….. xix
Tech Manual……………………. xix
Instructor Resources………….. xix
Mindtap for Automotive……… xix
CHAPTER 1
Careers in the Automotive
Industry 1
Objectives 1 | The Automotive Industry 1 | Job
Classifications 10 | Related Career Opportunities 13 |
Training for a Career In Automotive Service 15 | ASE
Certification 16 | ASE Tests 17 | ASE Education
Foundation Program Accreditation 18 | Key Terms 18 |
Summary 18 | Review Questions 19
CHAPTER 2
Workplace Skills 21
Objectives 21 | Seeking and Applying for
Employment 21 | Accepting Employment 28 |
Working as a Technician 31 | Communications 32 |
Solving Problems and Critical Thinking 34 |
Professionalism 36 | Interpersonal Relationships 37 |
Key Terms 38 | Summary 38 | Review Questions 38
CHAPTER 3
Basic Theories and Math 40
Objectives 40 | Matter 40 | Energy 43 | Volume 46 |
Force 48 | Time 50 | Motion 50 | Work 53 | Waves
and Oscillations 57 | Light 61 | Liquids 62 | Gases 64 |
Heat 66 | Chemical Properties 68 | Electricity and
Electromagnetism 71 | Key Terms 74 | Summary 74 |
Review Questions 76
CHAPTER 4
Automotive Systems 78
Objectives 78 | Historical Background 78 | Design
Evolution 80 | Body Shapes 81 | The Basic Engine 83 |
Engine Systems 85 | Electrical and Electronic
Systems 89 | Heating and Air-Conditioning
Systems 91 | Drivetrain 93 | Running Gear 96 |
Hybrid Vehicles 98 | Alternative Fuels 99 | Key
Terms 99 | Summary 100 | Review Questions 101
CHAPTER 5
Hand Tools and Shop
Equipment 103
Objectives 103 | Measuring Systems 103 |
Fasteners 104 | Measuring Tools 111 | Hand
Tools 119 | Shop Equipment 132 | Power Tools 134 |
Jacks and Lifts 135 | Service Information 138 | Key
Terms 141 | Summary 141 | Review Questions 142
CHAPTER 6
Diagnostic Equipment
and Special Tools 144
Objectives 144 | Engine Repair Tools 144 | Electrical/
Electronic System Tools 152 | Engine Performance
Tools 156 | Pressure Transducer 157 | Transmission
and Driveline Tools 164 | Suspension and Steering
Tools 166 | Brake System Tools 170 | Heating and
Air- Conditioning Tools 173 | Key Terms 175 |
Summary 176 | Review Questions 176
CHAPTER 7
Working Safely in the Shop 179
Objectives 179 | Personal Safety 180 | Tool and
Equipment Safety 183 | Work Area Safety 190 |
Manufacturers’ Warnings and Government
Regulations 194 | OSHA 194 | Right-To-Know
Law 194 | Key Terms 197 | Summary 197 | Review
Questions 197
CHAPTER 8
Preventive Maintenance
and Basic Services 199
Objectives 199 | Repair Orders 199 | Vehicle
Identification 203 | Preventive Maintenance 204 |
Basic Services 205 | Additional PM Checks 231 | Key
Terms 232 | Summary 232 | Review Questions 233
Section 2 ENGINES
CHAPTER 9
Automotive Engine
Designs and Diagnosis 235
Objectives 235 | Introduction to Engines 235 | Engine
Classifications 237 | Engine Measurement and
Performance 244 | Diesel Engines 248 | Other
Automotive Power Plants 254 | Engine
Identification 256 | Engine Diagnostics 257 | Evaluating
the Engine’s Condition 267 | Noise Diagnosis 269 |
Key Terms 272 | Summary 272 | Review
Questions 273 | ASE-Style Review Questions 274
CHAPTER 10
Engine Disassembly
and Cleaning 275
Objectives 275 | Removing an Engine 275 | Engine
Disassembly and Inspection 282 | Cleaning Engine
Parts 284 | Crack Detection 288 | In-Vehicle Engine
Service 289 | Cylinder Head 291 | Key Terms 294 |
Summary 294 | Review Questions 294 |
ASE-Style Review Questions 295
CHAPTER 11
Lower End Theory
and Service 297
Objectives 297 | Short Block Disassembly 298 | Cylinder
Block 302 | Cylinder Block Reconditioning 303 |
Crankshaft 307 | Crankshaft Inspection and
Rebuilding 309 | Installing Main Bearings and
Crankshaft 312 | Piston and Piston Rings 316 | Installing
Pistons and Connecting Rods 321 | Installation of
Camshaft and Related Parts 324 | Crankshaft and
Camshaft Timing 324 | Oil Pump Service 327 | Installing
the Oil Pump 328 | Key Terms 330 | Summary 330 |
Review Questions 330 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 331
CHAPTER 12
Upper End Theory
and Service 333
Objectives 333 | Camshafts 333 | Cylinder Head 338
| Intake and Exhaust Valves 340 | Variable Valve
Timing Systems 345 | Cylinder Head
Disassembly 353 | Inspection of the Valve Train 357 |
Inspection of Camshaft and Related Parts 360 |
Servicing Cylinder Heads 361 | Valve Stem Seals 363
| Assembling the Cylinder Head 364 | Key Terms 366 |
Summary 366 | Review Questions 367 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 367
CHAPTER 13
Engine Sealing
and Reassembly 369
Objectives 369 | Torque Principles 369 | Gaskets 372
| Specific Engine Gaskets 375 | Adhesives, Sealants,
and Other Sealing Materials 378 | Oil Seals 382 |
Engine Reassembly 383 | Installing the Engine 394 |
Key Terms 398 | Summary 399 | Review
Questions 399 | ASE-Style Review Questions 400
CHAPTER 14
Lubricating and
Cooling Systems 402
Objectives 402 | Lubrication System 402 | Flushing
the System 410 | Cooling Systems 410 | Cooling
System Diagnosis 419 | Inspection of Cooling
System 421 | Testing for Leaks 425 | Cooling System
Service 429 | Key Terms 438 | Summary 439 | Review
Questions 439 | ASE-Style Review Questions 440
Section 3 ELECTRICITY
CHAPTER 15
Basics of Electrical
Systems 442
Objectives 442 | Basics of Electricity 443 | Electrical
Terms 445 | Ohm’s Law 449 | Circuits 453 | Circuit
Components 456 | Key Terms 468 | Summary 468 |
Review Questions 468 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 469
CHAPTER 16
General Electrical System
Diagnostics and Service 471
Objectives 471 | Electrical Problems 471 | Electrical
Wiring Diagrams 475 | Electrical Testing Tools 477 |
Using Multimeters 483 | Using Lab Scopes 493 |
Testing Basic Electrical Components 497 |
Troubleshooting Circuits 501 | Testing for Common
Problems 505 | Connector and Wire Repairs 510 |
Key Terms 517 | Summary 517 | Review
Questions 517 | ASE-Style Review Questions 518
CHAPTER 17
Batteries: Theory,
Diagnosis, and Service 520
Objectives 520 | Basic Battery Theory 520 | Battery
Hardware 523 | Battery Ratings 524 | Common Types
of Batteries 525 | Lead-Acid Batteries 526 | Servicing
and Testing Batteries 530 | Jump-Starting 543 | Key
Terms 546 | Summary 546 | Review Questions 547 |
ASE-Style Review Questions 548
Section 3 ELECTRICITY 442
CONTENTS v
CHAPTER 18
Starting and Motor
Systems 549
Objectives 549 | Basics of Electromagnetism 550 |
Starting Motors 553 | Starting System 556 | Starter
Motor Circuit 557 | Control Circuit 562 | Starting
System Testing 563 | Key Terms 573 | Summary 573
| Review Questions 574 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 575
CHAPTER 19
Charging Systems 577
Objectives 577 | Alternating Current Charging
Systems 578 | AC Generator Operation 583 | Voltage
Regulation 584 | Current Trends 588 | Preliminary
Checks 591 | General Testing Procedures 595 | AC
Generator Service 600 | Key Terms 601 |
Summary 601 | Review Questions 601 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 602
CHAPTER 20
Lighting Systems 604
Objectives 604 | Automotive Lamps 604 |
Headlights 607 | Headlight Switches 613 | Automatic
Light Systems 615 | Headlight Service 618 |
Headlight Replacement 621 | Basic Lighting System
Diagnosis 625 | Rear Exterior Lights 627 | Interior
Light Assemblies 638 | Key Terms 642 |
Summary 642 | Review Questions 642 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 643
CHAPTER 21
Instrumentation and
Information Displays 645
Objectives 645 | Instrument Panels 646 |
Displays 646 | Mechanical Gauges 648 | Electronic
Instrument Clusters 652 | Basic Information
Gauges 653 | Indicator and Warning Devices 658 |
Driver Information Centers 663 | Key Terms 664 |
Summary 664 | Review Questions 665 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 665
CHAPTER 22
Basics of Electronics and
Computer Systems 667
Objectives 667 | Capacitors 667 |
Semiconductors 669 | Computer Basics 672 |
Multiplexing 680 | Protecting Electronic Systems 685
| Diagnosing Modules and Networks 686 | Testing
Electronic Circuits and Components 688 | Key
Terms 691 | Summary 692 | Review Questions 692 |
ASE-Style Review Questions 693
CHAPTER 23
Electrical Accessories 695
Objectives 695 | Windshield Wiper/Washer
Systems 696 | Horns/Clocks/Cigarette Lighter
Systems 703 | Cruise (Speed) Control Systems 705 |
Adaptive Cruise Control 707 | Sound Systems 709 |
Telematics 714 | Navigation Systems 715 | Power
Lock Systems 717 | Power Windows 718 | Power
Seats 722 | Power Mirror System 726 | Rear-Window
Defrosters and Heated Mirror Systems 727 | Other
Electronic Equipment 728 | Garage Door Opener
System 735 | Security and Antitheft Devices 735 |
Key Terms 738 | Summary 738 | Review
Questions 739 | ASE-Style Review Questions 740
Section 4 ENGINE PERFORMANCE
CHAPTER 24
Engine Performance
Systems 742
Objectives 742 | Ignition Systems 743 | Fuel
System 745 | Air Induction System 747 | Emission
Control Systems 747 | Engine Control Systems 748 |
Computer Logic 750 | On-Board Diagnostic Systems
751 | System Operation 753 | Obd Ii Monitoring
Capabilities 754 | Obd II Self-Diagnostics 764 |
MIL 764 | Basic Diagnosis of Electronic Engine Control
Systems 768 | Diagnosing Obd II Systems 768 | Key
Terms 775 | Summary 776 | Review Questions 776 |
ASE-Style Review Questions 777
CHAPTER 25
Detailed Diagnosis
and Sensors 779
Objectives 779 | Using Scan Tool Data 779 |
Symptom-Based Diagnosis 784 | Basic Testing 787 |
Diagnosis of Computer Voltage Supply and Ground
Wires 789 | Switches 792 | Temperature Sensors 793
| Pressure Sensors 796 | Mass Airflow (MAF)
Sensors 799 | Oxygen Sensors (O2S) 802 | Testing
Air-Fuel Ratio (A/F) Sensors 809 | Position
Sensors 810 | EGR Valve Position Sensor 813 |
Speed Sensors 814 | Position/Speed Sensors 818 |
Knock Sensor (KS) 821 | Computer Outputs and
Actuators 822 | Testing Actuators 823 | Key
Terms 826 | Summary 826 | Review Questions 827 |
ASE-Style Review Questions 827
CHAPTER 26
Ignition Systems 829
Objectives 829 | Basic Circuitry 830 | Ignition
Components 833 | Triggering and Switching
Devices 838 | Engine Position Sensors 839 |
Distributor Ignition System Operation 841 | Electronic
Ignition Systems 841 | EI System Operation 845 | Key
Terms 849 | Summary 849 | Review Questions 850 |
ASE-Style Review Questions 850
CHAPTER 27
Ignition System Diagnosis
and Service 852
Objectives 852 | Misfires 853 | General Ignition System
Diagnosis 853 | Ignition System Inspection 854 |
No-Start Diagnosis 859 | Diagnosing with an Engine
Analyzer 862 | Diagnosing with a Dso or Gmm 869 |
Ignition Timing 870 | Diagnosing Primary Circuit
Components 873 | Secondary Circuit Tests and
Service 878 | Key Terms 885 | Summary 885 | Review
Questions 886 | ASE-Style Review Questions 886
CHAPTER 28
Gasoline, Diesel,
and Other Fuels 888
Objectives 888 | Crude Oil 889 | Gasoline 891 | Basic
Gasoline Additives 893 | Oxygenates 894 |
MTBE 894 | Gasoline Quality Testing 895 |
Alternatives to Gasoline 896 | Diesel Fuel 903 | Diesel
Engines 906 | Diesel Fuel Injection 908 | Diesel
Emission Controls 917 | Diagnostics 922 | Key
Terms 925 | Summary 925 | Review Questions 926 |
ASE-Style Review Questions 926
CHAPTER 29
Fuel Delivery Systems 928
Objectives 928 | Guidelines for Safely Working on
Fuel Systems 930 | Fuel Tanks 931 | Filler Caps 934 |
Fuel Lines and Fittings 936 | Fuel Filters 939 | Fuel
Pumps 940 | Key Terms 956 | Summary 956 | Review
Questions 956 | ASE-Style Review Questions 957
CHAPTER 30
Electronic Fuel Injection 959
Objectives 959 | Basic Efi 960 | Throttle Body
Injection (TBI) 965 | Port Fuel Injection (PFI) 965 |
Pressure Regulators 968 | Central Port Injection
(Cpi) 970 | Gasoline Direct-Injection Systems 973 |
Key Terms 978 | Summary 978 | Review
Questions 979 | ASE-Style Review Questions 979
Chapter 31
Fuel Injection System
Diagnosis and Service 981
Objectives 981 | Preliminary Checks 982 | Basic Efi
System Checks 983 | Injector Service 995 | Fuel Rail,
Injector, and Regulator Service 997 | Electronic
Throttle Controls 1001 | Idle Speed Checks 1004 |
Key Terms 1006 | Summary 1006 | Review
Questions 1007 | ASE-Style Review Questions 1007
CHAPTER 32
Intake and Exhaust
Systems 1009
Objectives 1009 | Vacuum Systems 1009 | Air
Induction System 1012 | Induction Hoses 1012 |
Intake Manifolds 1013 | Forced Induction
Systems 1017 | Turbochargers 1019 |
Superchargers 1026 | Exhaust System
Components 1028 | Catalytic Converters 1031 |
Exhaust System Service 1034 | Key Terms 1037 |
Summary 1037 | Review Questions 1038 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1039
CHAPTER 33
Emission Control
Systems 1041
Objectives 1041 | Pollutants 1041 | Emission Control
Devices 1045 | Evaporative Emission Control
Systems 1048 | Precombustion Systems 1052 |
Postcombustion Systems 1060 | Diesel Emission
Controls 1063 | Key Terms 1068 | Summary 1068 |
Review Questions 1068 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1069
CHAPTER 34
Emission Control
Diagnosis and Service 1071
Objectives 1071 | OBD II Test 1072 | Testing
Emissions 1075 | Basic Inspection 1079 | Evaporative
Emission Control System Diagnosis and Service 1081
| Pcv System Diagnosis and Service 1086 | Egr
System Diagnosis and Service 1089 | Catalytic
Converter Diagnosis 1095 | Air System Diagnosis
and Service 1097 | Key Terms 1099 | Summary 1099
| Review Questions 1100 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1101
CHAPTER 35
Hybrid Vehicles 1103
Objectives 1103 | Hybrid Vehicles 1103 | Hybrid
Technology 1106 | Accessories 1112 | HVAC 1112 |
GM’s Series Hybrids 1113 | GM’s Parallel
Hybrids 1115 | Honda’s IMA System 1117 | IMA 1118
| Toyota’s Power-Split Hybrids 1121 | Ford
Hybrids 1127 | 4WD 1130 | Porsche and Volkswagen
Hybrids 1131 | Hyundai and Kia Hybrids 1132
Nissan/Infiniti Hybrids 1133 | Bmw Hybrids 1133 |
Mercedes-Benz Hybrids 1134 | Maintenance and
Service 1135 | Key Terms 1142 | Summary 1142 |
Review Questions 1144 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1144
CHAPTER 36
Electric Vehicles 1146
Objectives 1146 | A Look at History 1147 | Zero-
Emissions Vehicles 1148 | Major Parts 1149 | Battery
Charging 1152 | Accessories 1156 | HVAC 1156 |
Driving a BEV 1157 | Ford Focus 1159 | Nissan
Leaf 1160 | Mitsubishi i-MiEV 1161 | Tesla 1162 |
Honda Fit Ev 1164 | Basic Diagnosis 1165 | Fuel Cell
Vehicles 1167 | Fuel Cells 1170 | Current
FCEVs 1176 | Toyota 1176 | Honda 1178 |
Hyundai 1178 | Prototype FCEVs 1178 | Audi 1179 |
Daimler 1179 | Key Terms 1181 | Summary 1181 |
Review Questions 1181 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1182
Section 5 MANUAL TRANSMISSIONS AND TRANSAXLES 1184
CHAPTER 37
Clutches 1184
Objectives 1184 | Operation 1185 | Clutch Service
Safety Precautions 1194 | Clutch Maintenance 1194 |
Clutch Problem Diagnosis 1195 | Clutch Service 1199
| Linkage Service 1202 | Key Terms 1204 |
Summary 1205 | Review Questions 1205 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1206
CHAPTER 38
Manual Transmissions
and Transaxles 1208
Objectives 1208 | Transmission Versus
Transaxle 1209 | Gears 1210 | Basic Gear
Theory 1212 | Transmission/Transaxle Design 1214 |
Synchronizers 1217 | Gearshift Mechanisms 1219 |
Transmission Power Flow 1220 | Transaxle Power
Flows 1224 | Final Drive Gears and Overall
Ratios 1226 | Dual Clutch Transmissions 1226 |
Electrical Systems 1232 | Key Terms 1233 |
Summary 1233 | Review Questions 1234 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1235
CHAPTER 39
Manual Transmission/
Transaxle Service 1237
Objectives 1237 | Lubricant Check 1238 | In-Vehicle
Service 1241 | Diagnosing Problems 1242 |
Transmission/Transaxle Removal 1246 | Cleaning and
Inspection 1248 | Disassembly and Reassembly of
the Differential Case 1252 | Reassembly/Reinstallation
of Transmission/Transaxle 1253 | Key Term 1254 |
Summary 1254 | Review Questions 1255 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1256
CHAPTER 40
Drive Axles and
Differentials 1257
Objectives 1257 | Basic Diagnosis and Service 1257 |
Front-Wheel Drive (FWD) Axles 1258 | Types of CV
Joints 1259 | Front-Wheel Drive Applications 1260 |
CV Joint Service 1262 | Rear-Wheel Drive Shafts 1268
| Operation of U-Joints 1269 | Types of U-Joints 1272 |
Diagnosis of Drivetrain Problems 1273 | Final Drives and
Drive Axles 1282 | Limited-Slip Differentials 1286 | Axle
Shafts 1288 | Servicing the Final Drive Assembly 1291
| Key Terms 1297 | Summary 1297 | Review
Questions 1298 | ASE-Style Review Questions 1298
Section 6 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS AND TRANSAXLES 1300
CHAPTER 41
Automatic Transmissions
and Transaxles 1300
Objectives 1300 | Torque Converter 1302 | Lockup
Torque Converter 1307 | Planetary Gears 1310 |
Compound Planetary Gearsets 1312 | Honda’s
Nonplanetary-Based Transmission 1318 |
Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT) 1320 |
Planetary Gear Controls 1323 | Transmission
Clutches 1325 | Bearings, Bushings, and Thrust
Washers 1330 | Snaprings 1331 | Gaskets and
Seals 1332 | Final Drives and Differentials 1335 |
Hydraulic System 1336 | Application of Hydraulics in
Transmissions 1337 | Pressure Boosts 1341 | Shift
Quality 1342 | Gear Changes 1344 | Key Terms 1347
| Summary 1347 | Review Questions 1348 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1349
CHAPTER 42
Electronic Automatic
Transmissions 1351
Objectives 1351 | Transmission Control Module 1353
| Hybrid Transmissions 1365 | Basic EAT Testing 1367
| Converter Clutch Control Diagnostics 1372 | Detailed
Testing of Inputs 1374 | Detailed Testing of
Actuators 1376 | Key Terms 1379 | Summary 1379 |
Review Questions 1379 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1380
CHAPTER 43
Automatic Transmission
and Transaxle Service 1382
Objectives 1382 | Identification 1382 | Basic
Service 1383 | Basic Diagnostics 1389 | Visual
Inspection 1389 | Road Testing the Vehicle 1392 |
Checking the Torque Converter 1395 | Diagnosing
Hydraulic and Vacuum Control Systems 1398 |
Common Problems 1401 | Linkages 1403 |
Replacing, Rebuilding, and Installing a
Transmission 1404 | Key Term 1410 | Summary 1410
| Review Questions 1410 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1411
CHAPTER 44
Four- and All-Wheel
Drive 1413
Objectives 1413 | Types of Drives 1414 | 4WD
Drivelines 1423 | Interaxle (Center) Differentials 1427 |
Audi’s Quattro System 1428 | Helical Center
Differential 1428 | Torque Vectoring 1432 | Diagnosing
4WD and AWD Systems 1435 | Servicing 4WD
Vehicles 1439 | Key Terms 1446 | Summary 1446 |
Review Questions 1446 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1447
Section 7 SUSPENSION AND STEERING SYSTEMS 1449
CHAPTER 45
Tires and Wheels 1449
Objectives 1449 | Wheels 1450 | Tires 1451 | Tire
Ratings and Designations 1456 | Tire Pressure
Monitor (TPM) Systems 1462 | Tire/Wheel
Runout 1467 | Tire Replacement 1468 | Tire/Wheel
Assembly Service 1471 | Tire Repair 1471 | Wheel
Bearings 1477 | Key Terms 1482 | Summary 1482 |
Review Questions 1483 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1484
CHAPTER 46
Suspension Systems 1486
Objectives 1486 | Frames 1487 | Suspension System
Components 1487 | Independent Front
Suspension 1496 | Basic Front-Suspension
Diagnosis 1503 | Front-Suspension Component
Servicing 1506 | Rear-Suspension Systems 1515 |
Semi-Independent Suspension 1518 | Electronically
Controlled Suspensions 1521 | Servicing Electronic
Suspension Components 1526 | Active
Suspensions 1528 | Key Terms 1530 |
Summary 1531 | Review Questions 1531 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1532
CHAPTER 47
Steering Systems 1534
Objectives 1534 | Mechanical Steering Systems 1535
| Power-Steering Systems 1542 | Electronically
Controlled Power-Steering Systems 1549 | Steering
System Diagnosis 1554 | Diagnosis 1555 | Specific
Checks 1558 | Steering System Servicing 1565 |
Power-Steering System Servicing 1571 | Four-Wheel
Steering Systems 1575 | Key Terms 1581 |
Summary 1581 | Review Questions 1582 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1583
Chapter 48
Restraint Systems: Theory,
Diagnosis, and Service 1584
Objectives 1584 | Seat Belts 1585 | Seat Belt
Service 1587 | Air Bags 1589 | Electrical System
Components 1593 | Diagnosis 1598 | Servicing the
Air Bag System 1599 | Other Protection
Systems 1601 | Key Terms 1603 | Summary 1603 |
Review Questions 1604 | ASE-Style Review
Questions 1605
CHAPTER 49
Wheel Alignment 1607
Objectives 1607 | Wheel Alignment 1607 | Alignment
Geometry 1608 | Prealignment Inspection 1614 |
Wheel Alignment Equipment 1616 | Alignment
Machines 1618 | Performing an Alignment 1619 |
Four-Wheel Drive Vehicle Alignment 1629 | Key
Terms 1630 | Summary 1630 | Review
Questions 1630 | ASE-Style Review Questions 1631
CHAPTER 50
Brake Systems 1633
Objectives 1633 | Friction 1634 | Principles of
Hydraulic Brake Systems 1637 | Hydraulic Brake
System Components 1640 | Master Cylinders 1641 |
Master Cylinder Operation 1645 | Fast-Fill and Quick
Take-Up Master Cylinders 1645 | Central-Valve
Master Cylinders 1647 | Hydraulic Tubes and
Hoses 1647 | Hydraulic System Safety Switches and
Valves 1649 | Drum and Disc Brake Assemblies 1655
| Hydraulic System Service 1656 | Power
Brakes 1664 | Pushrod Adjustment 1667 | Hydraulic
Brake Boosters 1668 | Electric Parking Brakes 1670 |
Key Terms 1671 | Summary 1672 | Review
Questions 1672 | ASE-Style Review Questions 1673
CHAPTER 51
Drum Brakes 1675
Objectives 1675 | Drum Brake Operation 1675 | Drum
Brake Components 1676 | Drum Brake Designs 1680
| Road Testing Brakes 1686 | Drum Brake
Inspection 1686 | Brake Shoes and Linings 1694 |
Wheel Cylinder Inspection and Servicing 1697 | Drum
Parking Brakes 1698 | Key Terms 1701 |
Summary 1701 | Review Questions 1701 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1702
CHAPTER 52
Disc Brakes 1704
Objectives 1704 | Disc Brake Components and their
Functions 1705 | Rear-Wheel Disc Brakes 1713 | Disc
Brake Diagnosis 1715 | Service Guidelines 1717 |
General Caliper Inspection and Servicing 1719 | Rear
Disc Brake Calipers 1727 | Rotor Inspection 1728 |
Rotor Service 1732 | Key Terms 1736 |
Summary 1736 | Review Questions 1736 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1737
CHAPTER 53
Antilock Brake, Traction
Control, and Stability
Control Systems 1739
Objectives 1739 | Antilock Brakes 1739 | Types of
Antilock Brake Systems 1747 | ABS Operation 1748 |
Automatic Traction Control 1752 | Automatic Stability
Control 1754 | Antilock Brake System Service 1757 |
Diagnosis and Testing 1758 | Testing Traction and
Stability Control Systems 1765 | New Trends 1765 |
Key Terms 1766 | Summary 1766 | Review
Questions 1767 | ASE-Style Review Questions 1767
Section 8 BRAKES 1633
CHAPTER 54
Heating and Air
Conditioning 1769
Objectives 1769 | Ventilation System 1770 |
Automotive Heating Systems 1770 | Heating System
Service 1775 | Theory of Automotive Air
Conditioning 1779 | Refrigerants 1779 | Basic
Operation of an Air-Conditioning System 1782 |
Compressors 1784 | Condenser 1790 | Receiver/
Dryer 1792 | Thermostatic Expansion Valve/Orifice
Tube 1793 | Evaporator 1794 | Refrigerant
Lines 1795 | Air-Conditioning Systems and
Controls 1796 | Temperature Control Systems 1799 |
Key Terms 1803 | Summary 1804 | Review
Questions 1804 | ASE-Style Review Questions 1805
CHAPTER 55
Air-Conditioning Diagnosis
and Service 1807
Objectives 1807 | Service Precautions 1807 |
Refrigerant Safety Precautions 1808 | Initial System
Checks 1810 | Diagnosis 1812 | Performance
Testing 1814 | Leak Testing 1819 | Emptying the
System 1822 | General Service 1823 | Recharging the
System 1832 | Climate Control Systems 1836 |
Summary 1839 | Review Questions 1840 | ASE-Style
Review Questions 1841
Appenndix A
Decimal and Metric Equivalents 1843
Appendix B
General Torque Specifications 1844
Glossary 1845
Index 1883
Section 9 PASSENGER COMFORT 1769