Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, Thirteenth Edition
By Richard Saferstein and Tiffany Roy
Contents:
Preface xi
About the Author xviii
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science 3
History and Development of Forensic Science 5
Crime Laboratories 8
Organization of a Crime Laboratory 9
Case Files
Forensic Science Helps Unravel the Mystery of
the Anthrax Letters 13
Functions of the Forensic Scientist 14
Case Files
Dr. Coppolino’s Deadly House Calls 19
Other Forensic Science Services 22
Chapter Summary 24
Review Questions 25
Application and Critical Thinking 26
Further References 28
Chapter 2
The Crime Scene 29
Processing the Crime Scene 31
Collecting and Packaging Physical
Evidence 43
Maintaining the Chain of Custody 47
Ensuring Crime-Scene Safety 48
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene 50
Chapter Summary 51
Review Questions 52
Application and Critical Thinking 53
Further References 54
Case Analysis 54
Case Study
The Enrique Camarena Case:
A Forensic Nightmare 55
Chapter 3
Physical Evidence 61
Common Types of Physical Evidence 63
The Significance of Physical Evidence 64
Forensic Databases 71
Case Files
Gerald Wallace 74
Case Files
The Center City Rapist 74
Case Files
NIBIN Links Handgun to Suspects 75
Case Files
Aztec Gold Metallic Hit and Run 75
Chapter Summary 76
Review Questions 77
Application and Critical Thinking 77
Further References 78
Chapter 4
Crime-Scene Reconstruction:
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 79
Crime-Scene Reconstruction 81
General Features of Bloodstain Formation 82
Case File
Pistorius: A Valentine’s Day Murder 82
Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 84
Classifying Impact Pattern 85
Origin of Impact Patterns 87
More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 87
Case Files
Blood-Spatter Evidence 88
Documenting Bloodstain Pattern Evidence 94
Case Files
Bloodstain Reconstruction 95
Chapter Summary 98
Review Questions 98
Application and Critical Thinking 99
Further References 100
Chapter 5
Death Investigation 101
Role of the Forensic Pathologist 103
The Autopsy 104
Cause of Death 107
Case Files
Harold Shipman, Dr. Death 108
Manner of Death 110
Case Files
The Sheridans: Murder or Suicide 112
Estimating Time of Death 113
Role of the Forensic Anthropologist 115
Case Files
Identifying a Serial Killer’s Victims 120
Role of the Forensic Entomologist 121
Case Files
The Danielle Van Dam Murder Case 122
Chapter Summary 123
Review Questions 123
Application and Critical Thinking 125
Further References 126
Chapter 6
Fingerprints 127
History of Fingerprinting 129
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 130
Classification of Fingerprints 135
Automated Fingerprint Identification
Systems 136
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 138
Case Files
The Night Stalker 138
Case Files
The Mayfield Affair 139
Preservation of Developed Prints 145
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement 145
Chapter Summary 147
Review Questions 148
Application and Critical Thinking 149
Further References 150
Chapter 7
Forensic Biometrics 151
Introduction to Biometrics 153
Enrolling and Extracting
Biometric Data 155
The Iris 156
Facial Recognition 159
Case Files
Living a Double Life 162
The Next-Generation Identification
System 162
Chapter Summary 165
Review Questions 165
Application and Critical Thinking 166
Further References 166
Chapter 8
The Microscope 167
Basics of the Microscope 169
The Compound Microscope 170
The Comparison Microscope 172
The Stereoscopic Microscope 174
The Polarizing Microscope 175
The Microspectrophotometer 176
The Scanning Electron Microscope 177
Forensic Palynology: Pollen and
Spores as Evidence 179
Case Files
Identifying Baby Doe 182
Case Files
Clues from the Cornfield 183
Chapter Summary 184
Review Questions 184
Application and Critical Thinking 185
Further References 185
Chapter 9
Firearms, Tool Marks, and
Other Impressions 187
Types of Firearms 189
Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons 190
Automated Firearms Search Systems 197
Case Files
Sacco and Vanzetti 198
Gunpowder Residues 201
Primer Residues on the Hands 204
Serial Number Restoration 207
Collection and Preservation of Firearms
Evidence 208
Tool Marks 209
Other Impressions 212
Case Files
The O. J. Simpson Trial—Who Left the
Impressions at the Crime Scene? 219
Chapter Summary 219
Review Questions 220
Application and Critical Thinking 221
Further References 222
Chapter 10
Matter, Light, and Glass
Examination 223
The Nature of Matter 225
Physical Properties of Matter 228
Theory of Light 235
Forensic Analysis of Glass 237
Glass Fractures 243
Collection and Preservation of
Glass Evidence 245
Chapter Summary 246
Review Questions 246
Review Questions for Inside the Science 247
Application and Critical Thinking 248
Further References 248
Chapter 11
Hairs and Fibers 249
Morphology of Hair 251
Identification and Comparison of Hair 256
Case Files
The Central Park Jogger Case Revisited 257
Collection and Preservation of
Hair Evidence 260
Forensic Examination of Fibers 260
Case Files
The Ennis Cosby Homicide 261
Identification and Comparison of
Manufactured Fibers 265
Case Files
Jeffrey MacDonald: Fatal Vision 269
Collection and Preservation of
Fiber Evidence 271
Case Files
Fiber Evidence and the Wayne Williams Trial 272
Chapter Summary 275
Review Questions 276
Review Questions for Inside the Science 277
Application and Critical Thinking 277
Further References 279
Chapter 12
Drugs 281
Drug Dependence 283
Types of Drugs 285
Drug-Control Laws 297
Collection and Preservation of
Drug Evidence 299
Forensic Drug Analysis 299
Chromatography 302
Spectrophotometry 310
Mass Spectrometry 313
Chapter Summary 316
Review Questions 317
Review Questions for Inside the Science 319
Application and Critical Thinking 319
Further References 320
Chapter 13
Forensic Toxicology 321
Toxicology of Alcohol 323
Testing for Intoxication 327
Field Sobriety Testing 330
Analysis of Blood for Alcohol 332
Alcohol and the Law 333
The Role of the Toxicologist 336
Case Files
Michael Jackson: The Demise of a Superstar 337
Case Files
Accidental Overdose:
The Tragedy of Anna Nicole Smith 338
Case Files
Joann Curley: Caught by a Hair 342
The Drug Recognition Expert 343
Chapter Summary 345
Review Questions 346
Review Questions for Inside the Science 347
Application and Critical Thinking 347
Further References 348
Chapter 14
Metals, Paint, and Soil 349
Forensic Analysis of Trace Elements 350
Principles and Technology of Trace Analysis 354
Case Files
Death by Radiation Poisoning 360
Forensic Examination of Paint 363
Case Files
The Predator 368
Forensic Analysis of Soil 369
Case Files
Soil: The Silent Witness 371
Collection and Preservation of
Soil Evidence 372
Chapter Summary 372
Review Questions 373
Review Questions for Inside the Science 374
Application and Critical Thinking 374
Further References 374
Chapter 15
Forensic Serology 375
The Nature of Blood 377
Blood Typing 379
Immunoassay Techniques 381
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains 381
Principles of Heredity 387
Forensic Characterization of Semen 389
Collection and Preservation of
Rape Evidence 392
Case Files
A DNA Bonus 395
Chapter Summary 396
Review Questions 397
Review Questions for Inside the Science 398
Application and Critical Thinking 398
Further References 398
Chapter 16
DNA: The Indispensable
Forensic Science Tool 399
What Is DNA? 401
DNA at Work 403
Replication of DNA 404
DNA Typing with Short
Tandem Repeats 405
Case Files
Reopening the Boston Strangler Case 414
Mitochondrial DNA 415
Case Files
Cold Case Hit 416
Collection and Preservation of
Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis 418
Case Files
Contact Lens Evidence 422
Case Files
The JonBenét Ramsey Murder Case 422
Chapter Summary 425
Review Questions 426
Review Questions for Inside the Science 427
Application and Critical Thinking 427
Further References 429
Chapter 17
Forensic Aspects of Fire
and Explosion Investigation 431
The Chemistry of Fire 433
Heat Transfer 438
Conduction 438
Radiation 439
Convection 439
Searching the Fire Scene 440
Case Files
The Sackett Street Fire 442
Collection and Preservation of
Arson Evidence 443
Analysis of Flammable Residues 444
Explosions and Explosives 447
Types of Explosives 449
Collection and Analysis of Evidence of
Explosives 453
Case Files
Liquid Explosives 454
Chapter Summary 458
Review Questions 459
Review Questions for Inside the Science 460
Application and Critical Thinking 460
Further References 462
Chapter 18
Document Examination 463
Document Examiner 465
Handwriting Comparisons 465
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars 468
Typescript Comparisons 470
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations 472
Other Document Problems 474
Chapter Summary 479
Review Questions 480
Application and Critical Thinking 480
Further References 480
Chapter 19
Computer Forensics 481
From Input to Output: How Does
the Computer Work? 483
Storing and Retrieving Data 488
Processing the Electronic Crime Scene 489
Analysis of Electronic Data 492
Forensic Analysis of Internet Data 498
Forensic Investigation of Internet
Communications 500
Hacking 503
Mobile Forensics 504
Chapter Summary 506
Review Questions 506
Application and Critical Thinking 507
Further References 508
Chapter 20
Mobile Device Forensics 509
The Mobile Device Neighborhood: What
Makes a Mobile Device “Mobile”? 511
Forensic Challenges: Mobile Devices
as Small Computers—Sort Of 512
Extracting Useful Data: The Differences
in Various Types of Mobile Devices 514
Mobile Device Architecture: What Is
Inside the Device and What Is It
Used For? 516
Analyzing Mobile Devices: Finding
Forensically Valuable Artifacts 517
Case File
The FBI v. Apple: The Encryption Dispute 518
Hybrid Crime Assessment: Fitting
the Mobile Device into the
Digital Forensic Investigation 520
Case File
Carpenter v. United States 522
Chapter Summary 523
Review Questions 523
Application and Critical Thinking 524
Further References 524
Appendixes 525
I Code of Professional Responsibility
for the Practice of Forensic Science 526
II Handbook of Forensic Services—FBI 527
III Instructions for Collecting Gunshot
Residue (G
Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, Thirteenth Edition
By Richard Saferstein and Tiffany Roy
Contents
Preface xi
About the Author xviii
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science 3
History and Development of Forensic Science 5
Crime Laboratories 8
Organization of a Crime Laboratory 9
Case Files
Forensic Science Helps Unravel the Mystery of
the Anthrax Letters 13
Functions of the Forensic Scientist 14
Case Files
Dr. Coppolino’s Deadly House Calls 19
Other Forensic Science Services 22
Chapter Summary 24
Review Questions 25
Application and Critical Thinking 26
Further References 28
Chapter 2
The Crime Scene 29
Processing the Crime Scene 31
Collecting and Packaging Physical
Evidence 43
Maintaining the Chain of Custody 47
Ensuring Crime-Scene Safety 48
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene 50
Chapter Summary 51
Review Questions 52
Application and Critical Thinking 53
Further References 54
Case Analysis 54
Case Study
The Enrique Camarena Case:
A Forensic Nightmare 55
Chapter 3
Physical Evidence 61
Common Types of Physical Evidence 63
The Significance of Physical Evidence 64
Forensic Databases 71
Case Files
Gerald Wallace 74
Case Files
The Center City Rapist 74
Case Files
NIBIN Links Handgun to Suspects 75
Case Files
Aztec Gold Metallic Hit and Run 75
Chapter Summary 76
Review Questions 77
Application and Critical Thinking 77
Further References 78
Chapter 4
Crime-Scene Reconstruction:
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 79
Crime-Scene Reconstruction 81
General Features of Bloodstain Formation 82
Case File
Pistorius: A Valentine’s Day Murder 82
Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 84
Classifying Impact Pattern 85
Origin of Impact Patterns 87
More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 87
Case Files
Blood-Spatter Evidence 88
Documenting Bloodstain Pattern Evidence 94
Case Files
Bloodstain Reconstruction 95
Chapter Summary 98
Review Questions 98
Application and Critical Thinking 99
Further References 100
Chapter 5
Death Investigation 101
Role of the Forensic Pathologist 103
The Autopsy 104
Cause of Death 107
Case Files
Harold Shipman, Dr. Death 108
Manner of Death 110
Case Files
The Sheridans: Murder or Suicide 112
Estimating Time of Death 113
Role of the Forensic Anthropologist 115
Case Files
Identifying a Serial Killer’s Victims 120
Role of the Forensic Entomologist 121
Case Files
The Danielle Van Dam Murder Case 122
Chapter Summary 123
Review Questions 123
Application and Critical Thinking 125
Further References 126
Chapter 6
Fingerprints 127
History of Fingerprinting 129
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 130
Classification of Fingerprints 135
Automated Fingerprint Identification
Systems 136
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 138
Case Files
The Night Stalker 138
Case Files
The Mayfield Affair 139
Preservation of Developed Prints 145
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint
Enhancement 145
Chapter Summary 147
Review Questions 148
Application and Critical Thinking 149
Further References 150
Chapter 7
Forensic Biometrics 151
Introduction to Biometrics 153
Enrolling and Extracting
Biometric Data 155
The Iris 156
Facial Recognition 159
Case Files
Living a Double Life 162
The Next-Generation Identification
System 162
Chapter Summary 165
Review Questions 165
Application and Critical Thinking 166
Further References 166
Chapter 8
The Microscope 167
Basics of the Microscope 169
The Compound Microscope 170
The Comparison Microscope 172
The Stereoscopic Microscope 174
The Polarizing Microscope 175
The Microspectrophotometer 176
The Scanning Electron Microscope 177
Forensic Palynology: Pollen and
Spores as Evidence 179
Case Files
Identifying Baby Doe 182
Case Files
Clues from the Cornfield 183
Chapter Summary 184
Review Questions 184
Application and Critical Thinking 185
Further References 185
Chapter 9
Firearms, Tool Marks, and
Other Impressions 187
Types of Firearms 189
Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons 190
Automated Firearms Search Systems 197
Case Files
Sacco and Vanzetti 198
Gunpowder Residues 201
Primer Residues on the Hands 204
Serial Number Restoration 207
Collection and Preservation of Firearms
Evidence 208
Tool Marks 209
Other Impressions 212
Case Files
The O. J. Simpson Trial—Who Left the
Impressions at the Crime Scene? 219
Chapter Summary 219
Review Questions 220
Application and Critical Thinking 221
Further References 222
Chapter 10
Matter, Light, and Glass
Examination 223
The Nature of Matter 225
Physical Properties of Matter 228
Theory of Light 235
Forensic Analysis of Glass 237
Glass Fractures 243
Collection and Preservation of
Glass Evidence 245
Chapter Summary 246
Review Questions 246
Review Questions for Inside the Science 247
Application and Critical Thinking 248
Further References 248
Chapter 11
Hairs and Fibers 249
Morphology of Hair 251
Identification and Comparison of Hair 256
Case Files
The Central Park Jogger Case Revisited 257
Collection and Preservation of
Hair Evidence 260
Forensic Examination of Fibers 260
Case Files
The Ennis Cosby Homicide 261
Identification and Comparison of
Manufactured Fibers 265
Case Files
Jeffrey MacDonald: Fatal Vision 269
Collection and Preservation of
Fiber Evidence 271
Case Files
Fiber Evidence and the Wayne Williams Trial 272
Chapter Summary 275
Review Questions 276
Review Questions for Inside the Science 277
Application and Critical Thinking 277
Further References 279
Chapter 12
Drugs 281
Drug Dependence 283
Types of Drugs 285
Drug-Control Laws 297
Collection and Preservation of
Drug Evidence 299
Forensic Drug Analysis 299
Chromatography 302
Spectrophotometry 310
Mass Spectrometry 313
Chapter Summary 316
Review Questions 317
Review Questions for Inside the Science 319
Application and Critical Thinking 319
Further References 320
Chapter 13
Forensic Toxicology 321
Toxicology of Alcohol 323
Testing for Intoxication 327
Field Sobriety Testing 330
Analysis of Blood for Alcohol 332
Alcohol and the Law 333
The Role of the Toxicologist 336
Case Files
Michael Jackson: The Demise of a Superstar 337
Case Files
Accidental Overdose:
The Tragedy of Anna Nicole Smith 338
Case Files
Joann Curley: Caught by a Hair 342
The Drug Recognition Expert 343
Chapter Summary 345
Review Questions 346
Review Questions for Inside the Science 347
Application and Critical Thinking 347
Further References 348
Chapter 14
Metals, Paint, and Soil 349
Forensic Analysis of Trace Elements 350
Principles and Technology of Trace Analysis 354
Case Files
Death by Radiation Poisoning 360
Forensic Examination of Paint 363
Case Files
The Predator 368
Forensic Analysis of Soil 369
Case Files
Soil: The Silent Witness 371
Collection and Preservation of
Soil Evidence 372
Chapter Summary 372
Review Questions 373
Review Questions for Inside the Science 374
Application and Critical Thinking 374
Further References 374
Chapter 15
Forensic Serology 375
The Nature of Blood 377
Blood Typing 379
Immunoassay Techniques 381
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains 381
Principles of Heredity 387
Forensic Characterization of Semen 389
Collection and Preservation of
Rape Evidence 392
Case Files
A DNA Bonus 395
Chapter Summary 396
Review Questions 397
Review Questions for Inside the Science 398
Application and Critical Thinking 398
Further References 398
Chapter 16
DNA: The Indispensable
Forensic Science Tool 399
What Is DNA? 401
DNA at Work 403
Replication of DNA 404
DNA Typing with Short
Tandem Repeats 405
Case Files
Reopening the Boston Strangler Case 414
Case Files
Cold Case Hit 416
Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis 418
Case Files
Contact Lens Evidence 422
Case Files
The JonBenét Ramsey Murder Case 422
Chapter Summary 425
Review Questions 426
Review Questions for Inside the Science 427
Application and Critical Thinking 427
Further References 429
Chapter 17
Forensic Aspects of Fire
and Explosion Investigation 431
The Chemistry of Fire 433
Heat Transfer 438
Conduction 438
Radiation 439
Convection 439
Searching the Fire Scene 440
Case Files
The Sackett Street Fire 442
Collection and Preservation of
Arson Evidence 443
Analysis of Flammable Residues 444
Explosions and Explosives 447
Types of Explosives 449
Collection and Analysis of Evidence of Explosives 453
Case Files
Liquid Explosives 454
Chapter Summary 458
Review Questions 459
Review Questions for Inside the Science 460
Application and Critical Thinking 460
Further References 462
Chapter 18
Document Examination 463
Document Examiner 465
Handwriting Comparisons 465
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars 468
Typescript Comparisons 470
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations 472
Other Document Problems 474
Chapter Summary 479
Review Questions 480
Application and Critical Thinking 480
Further References 480
Chapter 19
Computer Forensics 481
From Input to Output: How Does
the Computer Work? 483
Storing and Retrieving Data 488
Processing the Electronic Crime Scene 489
Analysis of Electronic Data 492
Forensic Analysis of Internet Data 498
Forensic Investigation of Internet
Communications 500
Hacking 503
Mobile Forensics 504
Chapter Summary 506
Review Questions 506
Application and Critical Thinking 507
Further References 508
Chapter 20
Mobile Device Forensics 509
The Mobile Device Neighborhood: What Makes a Mobile Device “Mobile”? 511
Forensic Challenges: Mobile Devices as Small Computers—Sort Of 512
Extracting Useful Data: The Differences in Various Types of Mobile Devices 514
Mobile Device Architecture: What Is
Inside the Device and What Is It Used For? 516
Analyzing Mobile Devices: Finding Forensically Valuable Artifacts 517
Case File
The FBI v. Apple: The Encryption Dispute 518
Hybrid Crime Assessment: Fitting the Mobile Device into the
Digital Forensic Investigation 520
Case File
Carpenter v. United States 522
Chapter Summary 523
Review Questions 523
Application and Critical Thinking 524
Further References 524
Appendixes 525
I Code of Professional Responsibility for the Practice of Forensic Science 526
II Handbook of Forensic Services—FBI 527
III Instructions for Collecting Gunshot
Residue (GSR) 528
IV Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development 530
V Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood 534
Index 537
SR) 528
IV Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development 530
V Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood 534
Index 537