Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology, Tenth Edition
By Conrad Phillip Kottak
Contents:
Anthropology Today Boxes
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1
What Is Anthropology?
The Cross-Cultural Perspective
Human Adaptability
Adaptation, Variation, and Change
Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology
General Anthropology
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Anthropological Archaeology
Biological Anthropology
Linguistic Anthropology
Applied Anthropology
Anthropology and Other Academic Fields
A Humanistic Science
Cultural Anthropology and Sociology
Anthropology Today: Words of the Year
Summary
Chapter 2
Culture
What Is Culture?
Culture Is Learned
Culture Is Symbolic
Culture Is Shared
Culture and Nature
Culture Is All-Encompassing and Integrated
Culture Is Instrumental, Adaptive, and
Maladaptive
Culture’s Evolutionary Basis
What We Share with Other Primates
How We Differ from Other Primates
Universality, Generality, and Particularity
Universals and Generalities
Particularity: Patterns of Culture
Culture and the Individual
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human
Rights
Mechanisms of Cultural Change
Globalization
Anthropology Today: Preserving Cultural Heritage
Summary
Chapter 3
Doing Anthropology
What Do Anthropologists Do?
Research Methods in Archaeology and Biological
Anthropology
Multidisciplinary Approaches
Studying the Past
Survey and Excavation
Kinds of Archaeology
Dating the Past
Relative Dating
Absolute Dating
Molecular Anthropology
Kinds of Biological Anthropology
Bone Biology
Anthropometry
Primatology
Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology
Ethnography: Anthropology’s Distinctive Strategy
Observation and Participant Observation
Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview
Schedules
Key Cultural Consultants
Life Histories
Local Beliefs and Perceptions, and the
Ethnographer’s
Problem-Oriented Ethnography
Longitudinal Studies, Team Research, and
Multisited Ethnography
Survey Research
Doing Anthropology Right and Wrong: Ethical Issues
Ownership Issues
The Code of Ethics
Anthropologists and the Military
Anthropology Today: A Workshop in Genomics for
Indigenous Peoples
Summary
Chapter 4
Evolution, Genetics, and Human Variation
Evolution
Natural History Before Darwin
Evolution: Theory and Fact
Genetics
Mendel’s Experiments
Independent Assortment
Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic
Evolution
Natural Selection
Mutation
Random Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology
Races Are Not Biologically Distinct
Genetic Markers Don’t Correlate with Phenotype
Human Biological Adaptation
Explaining Skin Color
Genes and Disease
Lactose Tolerance
Anthropology Today: How Seriously Should We Take
Commercial DNA-Testing Sites?
Summary
Chapter 5
The Primates
Our Place among Primates
Apes Are Our Closest Relatives
Zoological Taxonomy
Homologies and Analogies
Primate Adaptations
The Primate Suborders
Monkeys
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
Apes
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Bonobos
Endangered Primates
Primate Evolution
Chronology
Early Primates
Early Cenozoic Primates
Oligocene Proto-Monkeys
Miocene Hominoids: The Proto-Apes
Planet of the Proto-Apes
An Evolutionary Timetable
Anthropology Today: Should Apes Have Human
Rights?
Summary
Chapter 6
Early Hominins
What Makes Us Human?
Bipedalism
Brains, Skulls, and Childhood Dependency
Tools
Teeth
Chronology of Hominin Evolution
Who Were the Earliest Hominins?
Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus
The Varied Australopiths
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus afarensis
Gracile and Robust Australopiths
Early Stone Tools
Surprisingly Early Stone Tools
Oldowan Hominins at the Kanjera Site
Anthropology Today: 3-D Bone Scans Suggest
Lucy’s Climbing Ability and Cause of Death
Summary
Chapter 7
The Genus Homo
Early Homo
Recent Discoveries
- rudolfensis
- habilis and H. erectus
Sister Species
Hunting, Tools, and Teeth
Out of Africa I: H. erectus
Acheulean Tools
Adaptive Strategies of H. erectus
The Evolution and Expansion of H. erectus
Middle Pleistocene Hominins
Ice Ages of the Pleistocene
- heidelbergensis
The Neandertals
Cold-Adapted Neandertals
The Neandertals and Modern People
The Denisovans
Neandertals, Denisovans, and Anatomically Modern
Humans
Asian Island Anomalies
Homo floresiensis
Homo luzonensis
Modern Humans
Out of Africa: AMH Edition
“Mitochondrial Eve” and the Spread of AMHs
Late Wave AMHs on the Move
The Advent of Behavioral Modernity
Advances in Technology
Glacial Retreat
Settling New Continents
Beringia and Beyond: Genetic Evidence
Archaeological Evidence
Anthropology Today: The Rising Stars of a South
African Cave
Summary
Chapter 8
The First Farmers
Broad-Spectrum Economies
The Mesolithic in Europe
Early Pottery and Vessels
The Neolithic
The First Farmers and Herders in the Middle East
The Environmental Setting: A Vertical Economy
Steps Toward Food Production
Genetic Changes and Domestication
The Origin of Private Property
Food Production and the State
Other Old World Farmers
The Neolithic in Africa
The Neolithic in Europe
The Neolithic in Asia
The First American Farmers
Key Aspects of Food Production in the Americas
The Tropical Origins of New World
Domestication
Explaining the Neolithic
Costs and Benefits
American First?
Anthropology Today: Dietary Diversity and Climate
Change
Summary
Chapter 9
The First Cities and States
State Formation
Regulation of Hydraulic Economies
Regional Trade
Population, War, and Circumscription
Attributes of States
State Formation in the Middle East
Urban Life
An Early Ritual Center
The Halafian and Ubaid Periods
Social Ranking and Chiefdoms
The Rise of the State
Other Early States
State Formation in Mesoamerica
Early Chiefdoms and Elites
Warfare and State Formation: The Zapotec
Case
States in the Valley of Mexico
Why States Collapse
The Maya and Their Fall
The Fantastic Claims of Pseudo-Archaeology
Anthropology Today: The Inka Khipu System
Summary
Chapter 10
Language and Communication
Language
Nonhuman Primate Communication
Call Systems
Sign Language
The Origin of Language
Nonverbal Communication
Kinesics
Personal Space and Displays of Affection
The Structure of Language
Language, Thought, and Culture
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Focal Vocabulary
Sociolinguistics
Linguistic Diversity Within Nations
Gender Speech Contrasts
Stratification and Symbolic Domination
African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
Historical Linguistics
Language, Culture, and History
Language Loss
Anthropology Today: Naming a Pandemic: Do
Geographic Names Stigmatize?
Summary
Chapter 11
Making a Living
Adaptive Strategies
Foraging
Geographic Distribution of Foragers
Correlates of Foraging
Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production
Horticulture
Agriculture
The Cultivation Continuum
Agricultural Intensification: People and the
Environment
Pastoralism
Economic Systems
Organization of Production in Nonindustrial
Societies
Means of Production
Alienation in Industrial Economies
Economizing and Maximization
Alternative Ends
Distribution and Exchange
The Market Principle
Redistribution
Reciprocity
Coexistence of Exchange Principles
Potlatching
Anthropology Today: To Give Is Good–Reciprocity
and Human Survival
Summary
Chapter 12
Political Systems
What Is “The Political”?
Types and Trends
Bands and Tribes
Foraging Bands
Tribal Cultivators
The Village Head
The “Big Man”
Pantribal Sodalities
Nomadic Politics
Chiefdoms
Political and Economic Systems
Status Systems
The Emergence of Stratification
State Systems
Population Control
Judiciary
Enforcement
Fiscal Support
Social Control
Hegemony and Resistance
Weapons of the Weak
Shame and Gossip
The Igbo Women’s War
Anthropology Today: Political Action to Protect the
Sentient Forest
Summary
Chapter 13
Families, Kinship, and Marriage
How Anthropologists View Families and Kinship
Families
Nuclear and Extended Families
Industrialism and Family Organization
Changes in North American Kinship
It’s All Relative
The Family among Foragers
Descent
Attributes of Descent Groups
Lineages, Clans, and Residence Rules
Defining Marriage
Exogamy and Incest
Incest and Its Avoidance
The Occurrence of Incest
Incest Avoidance
Endogamy
Same-Sex Marriage
Romantic Love and Marriage
Marriage: A Group Affair
Gifts at Marriage
Durable Alliances
Divorce
Plural Marriages
Polygyny
Polyandry
The Online Marriage Market
Anthropology Today: What Anthropologists Could
Teach the Supreme Court about the Definition of
Marriage
Summary
Chapter 14
Gender
Sex and Gender
Recurrent Gender Patterns
Gender Roles and Gender Stratification
Reduced Gender Stratification: Matrilineal-
Matrilocal Societies
Matriarchy
Increased Gender Stratification: Patrilineal-
Patrilocal Societies
Patriarchy and Violence
Gender in Industrial Societies
Changes in Gendered Work
Work and Family: Reality and Stereotypes
The Feminization of Poverty
Beyond Male and Female
Sexual Orientation
Anthropology Today: Patriarchy Today: Case Studies
in Fundamentalist Communities
Summary
Chapter 15
Religion
What Is Religion?
Expressions of Religion
Spiritual Beings
Powers and Forces
Magic and Religion
Uncertainty, Anxiety, Solace
Rituals
Rites of Passage
Totemism
Social Control
Kinds of Religion
Protestant Values and Capitalism
World Religions
Religion and Change
Revitalization Movements and Cargo Cults
Religious Changes in the United States
New and Alternative Religious Movements
Religion and Cultural Globalization
Evangelical Protestantism and Pentecostalism
Homogenization, Indigenization, or
Hybridization?
The Spread of Islam
Antimodernism and Fundamentalism
Recent Religious Radicalization
Secular Rituals
Anthropology Today: Rituals in a Pandemic’s
Shadow
Summary
Chapter 16
Ethnicity and Race
Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity
Status and Identity
American Ethnic Groups
Minority Groups and Stratification
Race and Ethnicity
The Social Construction of Race
Hypodescent: Race in the United States
Race in the Census
Not Us: Race in Japan
Phenotype and Fluidity: Race in Brazil
Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities
Ethnic Diversity by Region
Nationalities Without Nations
Ethnic Tolerance and Accommodation
Assimilation
The Plural Society
Multiculturalism
The Backlash to Multiculturalism
Changing Demographics in the United States
The Gray and the Brown
The Gray Need the Brown
Ethnic Conflict
Sectarian Violence
Prejudice and Discrimination
Black Lives Matter
Anti-Asian Hate Crimes During the COVID-19
Outbreak
Ethnic Erasure
Anthropology Today: Why Are the Greens So White?
Race and Ethnicity in Golf
Summary
Chapter 17
Applying Anthropology
What Is Applied Anthropology?
The Role of the Applied Anthropologist
Early Applications
Academic and Applied Anthropology
Applied Anthropology Today
Development Anthropology
Equity
Negative Equity Impact
Strategies for Innovation
Overinnovation
Indigenous Models
Anthropology and Education
Urban Anthropology
Medical Anthropology
Disease Theory Systems
Scientific Medicine Versus Western Medicine
Industrialization, Globalization, and Health
Anthropology and Business
Can Change Be Bad?
Public and Applied Anthropology
Careers and Anthropology
Anthropology Today: Culturally Appropriate
Marketing
Summary
Chapter 18
The World System, Colonialism, and Inequality
The World System
World-System Theory
The Emergence of the World System
Industrialization
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
Socioeconomic Changes Associated with the
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Stratification
The Persistence of Inequality
Wealth Distribution in the United States
Risky Living on the American Periphery
Colonialism and Imperialism
The First Phase of European Colonialism: Spain and Portugal
Commercial Expansion and European
Imperialism
The British Colonial Empire
French Colonialism
Colonialism and Identity
Postcolonial Studies
Development
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism and NAFTA’s Economic Refugees
Communism, Socialism, and Postsocialism
Communism
Postsocialist Transitions
The World System Today
Anthropology Today: When the Mills Shut Down: An
Anthropologist Looks at Deindustrialization
Summary
Chapter 19
Anthropology’s Role in a Globalizing World
Globalization and Global Issues
Energy Consumption and Industrial Degradation
Global Climate Change
Climate Change and Global Warming
Environmental Anthropology
Global Assaults on Local Autonomy
Deforestation
Emerging Diseases
Interethnic Contact
Cultural Imperialism and Indigenization
A Global System of Images
A Global Culture of Consumption
People in Motion
Indigenous Peoples
Indigenous Empowerment
Autochthony and Essentialism
Anthropology’s Lessons
Anthropology Today: Diversity under Siege: Global
Forces and Indigenous Peoples
Summary
Glossary
Bibliography
Index